Exam 1 Flashcards by Staci Thomas

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet (superior outlet)?

Sacral promontory
Arcuate lines
Iliopectineal line of pubis

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What is the pelvic outlet bound by?

Coccyx
Sacrotuberous ligaments
Ischial tuberosities
Ischiopubic rami 
Pubic symphysis

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Another term used for the pelvic inlet is the…

Pelvic brim

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This is the expanded area and part of pelvis above the pelvic brim.

False (greater) pelvis

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This is the portion of the pelvis below the pelvic brim (pelvic inlet). It is closed below by the pelvic diaphragm.

True (lesser) pelvis

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The pelvis is composed of three bones, which are…

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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On the lateral surface of the pelvis, this is what articulates with the head of the femur and has the lunate surface.

Acetabular fossa

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This is the fibrocartilage rim around the edge of the acetabulum.

Acetabular labrum

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On the pelvis, this is the passage for the obturator nerve and vessels. It is covered by membrane.

Obturator foramen

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This is the attachment for the inguinal ligament on the lateral surface of the pelvis.

Pubic tubercle

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On the anterior edge of the pelvis, this is the attachment for the inguinal ligament and proximal attachment for the sartorius muscle.

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

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On the anterior edge of the pelvis, this is the proximal attachment for the straight head of the rectus femoris.

Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

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On the posterior edge of the pelvis, this is converted into superior and inferior parts by the piriformis muscle.

Greater sciatic notch

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This is the fibrocartilage rim around the edge of the acetabulum.

Acetabular labrum

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On the pelvis, this is the passage for the obturator nerve and vessels. It is covered by membrane.

Obturator foramen

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This is the attachment for the inguinal ligament on the lateral surface of the pelvis.

Pubic tubercle

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On the anterior edge of the pelvis, this is the attachment for the inguinal ligament and proximal attachment for the sartorius muscle.

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

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On the anterior edge of the pelvis, this is the proximal attachment for the straight head of the rectus femoris.

Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

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On the posterior edge of the pelvis, this is converted into superior and inferior parts by the piriformis muscle.

Greater sciatic notch

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On the medial surface of the pelvis, this is the attachment surface for the iliacus muscle.

Iliac fossa

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On the medial surface of the pelvis, this articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum.

Auricular surface

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The ______ consists of 5 fused vertebrae.

Sacrum

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The sacrum has wing-like processes of each vertebra called ______, these are for attachment to the ilium.

Alae

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The lip of the body of the first sacral vertebra is called the…

Sacral promontory

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On the medial surface of the pelvis, this is the attachment surface for the iliacus muscle.

Iliac fossa

On the medial surface of the pelvis, this articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum.

Auricular surface

The ______ consists of 5 fused vertebrae.

Sacrum

The sacrum has wing-like processes of each vertebra called ______, these are for attachment to the ilium.

Alae

The lip of the body of the first sacral vertebra is called the...

Sacral promontory

This sacral posterior crest is made up of fused spinous processes.

Median crest

This sacral posterior crest is made up of fused articular processes.

Medial crest

List the 8 arteries that branch off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.

``` Umbilical artery Obturator artery Inferior vesicle artery (male) Uterine arteries (female) Internal pudendal artery Inferior gluteal artery Middle rectal artery Vaginal artery ```

A (MALE/FEMALE) pelvis is -- - Thicker - Heavier - Deeper greater pelvis - Narrower and deeper lesser pelvis - Android pelvic inlet (triangular) - Small pelvic outlet - Narrow pubic arch - Round obturator foramen - Large acetabulum

Male

A (MALE/FEMALE) pelvis is -- - Thinner - Lighter pelvis - Shallow greater pelvis - Wide and shallow lesser pelvis - Gynecoid pelvic inlet (round) - Large pelvic outlet - Wide pubic arch - Oval-shaped obturator foramen - Small acetabulum

Female

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery. It travels (ANTERIORLY/POSTERIORLY) and (SUPERIORLY/INFERIORLY) along the pelvic wall and exits the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal in obturator foramen.

Anteriorly | Inferiorly

The external iliac artery travels (MEDIALLY/LATERALLY) to the superior pubic ramus.

Laterally

The external iliac artery has what two branches coming off of it?

Deep circumflex iliac artery | Inferior epigastric artery

The external iliac artery travels deep the _______ ligament and becomes the _______ artery.

Inguinal | Femoral

What does the uterine artery supply?

Uterus | Vagina

The internal iliac artery travels inferiorly and medially over the ______ ______.

Pelvic brim

The pelvic organs and walls, gluteal muscles, and perineum are supplied by what artery?

Internal iliac artery

The internal iliac artery has two divisions, an ______ and ______ division.

Anterior | Posterior

List the 8 arteries that branch off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.

``` Umbilical artery Obturator artery Inferior vesicle artery Uterine arteries Internal pudendal artery Inferior gluteal artery Middle rectal artery Vaginal artery ```

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the umbilical artery. The umbilical artery gives off the ______ _____ arteries which supply the superior aspect of the urinary bladder.

Superior vesicle arteries

The umbilical artery will go on to become either the ______ ______ artery or the _______ _______ ligament.

Obliterated umbilical | Medial umbilical

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the obturator artery. It travels anteriorly and inferiorly along the pelvic wall and exits the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal in obturator foramen. It supplies...

Pelvic muscles Ilium Femoral head Muscles of medial thigh

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the inferior vesicle artery (male). It travels (ANTERIORLY/POSTERIORLY) and (SUPERIORLY/INFERIORLY) to the urinary bladder. It is analogous to the female uterine artery.

Posteriorly | Inferiorly

What are the two branches off the inferior vesicle artery (male)?

``` Prostatic branch (supplies prostate gland) Branch to ductus deferens ```

What artery supplies the following? - Psoas major muscle - Iliacus muscle - Quadratus lumborum muscle - Cauda equina (in vertebral canal)

Iliolumbar artery

What does the uterine artery supply?

Uterus | Vagina

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the internal pudendal artery (male and female). It exits the pelvic cavity through the _______ _______ foramen, loops around the ischial spine, then enters the perineum through the _______ ______ foramen and enters the pudendal canal.

Greater sciatic | Lesser sciatic

The internal pudendal artery (male) branches off into what 5 arteries?

``` Inferior rectal artery Perineal artery Artery of bulb of penis Deep artery of penis Dorsal artery of penis ```

The male perineal artery further branches into the posterior ______ artery.

Scrotal

The internal pudendal artery (female) branches off into what 5 arteries?

``` Inferior rectal artery Perineal artery Artery of vaginal vestibule Deep artery of clitoris Dorsal artery of clitoris ```

The female perineal artery further branches into the posterior _______ artery.

Labial

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the inferior gluteal artery. It exits the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen and usually passes inferior to the _______ muscle.

Piriformis

What artery supplies the following? - Coccygeus muscle - Three elevator ani muscles - Piriformis and quadratus femoris muscles - Uppermost posterior thigh muscles - Gluteus maximus - Sciatic nerve

Inferior gluteal artery

One of the branches off the anterior division of the internal iliac artery is the middle rectal artery. It travels (SUPERIORLY/INFERIORLY) to the lower rectum and supplies the lower rectum and ______ ______ in males.

Inferiorly | Seminal vesicles

One of the branches off the posterior division of the internal iliac artery is the iliolumbar artery. It travels (ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR) to the sacroiliac joint and (ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR) to the common iliac vessels and psoas major muscle.

Posterior | Posterior

This branch off the abdominal aorta travels in the median plane over L4-5, sacrum, and coccyx.

Median sacral artery

One of the branches off the posterior division of the internal iliac artery is the lateral sacral artery. It travels on the _______ aspect of the psoas major muscle.

Anteromedial

The lateral sacral artery sends branches to the ______ _____ foramina.

Ventral sacral

What artery supplies the following? - Piriformis muscle - Sacral canal structures - Erector spinae muscles

Lateral sacral artery

These are produced by blood clots in the external rectal venous plexus. It is a bulging out of the skin and mucosa from the external rectal venous plexus.

Hemorrhoids

What artery supplies the following? - Piriformis muscle - Gluteus medius - Gluteus minimus - Tensor fascia latae muscle

Superior gluteal artery

This branch off the abdominal aorta travels through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. It travels inside the spermatic cord and supplies the testes (males only).

Testicular artery

This branch off the abdominal aorta travels inferiorly over the pelvic brim to the ovary through the suspensory ligament (females only).

Ovarian artery

The ______ ______ nerves are sympathetic, come from the sacral plexus, and feed into the sacral sympathetic trunk and then into the inferior hypogastric plexus.

Sacral splanchnic

The superior rectal artery travels over the left _____ ____ vessels into the pelvic cavity. It supplies the superior aspect of rectum.

Common iliac

The superior rectal artery anastomoses with the middle and inferior ______ arteries.

Rectal

This branch off the abdominal aorta travels in the median plane over L4-5, sacrum, and coccyx.

Median sacral artery

This is located inside the spermatic cord and drains the testicular vein.

Pampiniform plexus

This is the superior-most anastomosis of the three rectal veins. Can cause piles, which is a prolapse of the mucosa containing the external rectal venous plexus. This results in pain and impeded blood flow.

Internal rectal venous plexus

This is a wedge-shaped space between the anal canal, obturator internus, pelvic diaphragm, and skin. It is filled with loose connective tissue and fat and allows the expansion of the anal canal during defecation and the vagina during childbirth.

Ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa

These are produced by blood clots in the external rectal venous plexus. It is a bulging out of the skin and mucosa from the external rectal venous plexus.

Hemorrhoids

The _____ _____ nerves (also called nervi erigentes) are parasympathetic, come from the ventral rami of S2-4 and synapse in the inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Pelvic splanchnic

What innervates the urethra and rectum and forms the uterovaginal plexus (uterus, vagina, ovaries)?

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

S4, S5, coccygeal nerve, and anococcygeal nerve make up what plexus?

Coccygeal plexus

The ______ ______ nerves are sympathetic, come from the sacral plexus, and feed into the sacral sympathetic trunk and then into the inferior hypogastric plexus.

Sacral splanchnic

The ______ ______ nerves are sympathetic and come from the lumbar plexus to the abdominal sympathetic plexus, inferior mesenteric ganglion, and superior hypogastric plexus (to uterine tubes in female).

Lumbar splanchnic

This is a muscular sheet that covers the pelvic outlet. It forms a muscular sling that supports the pelvic organs and its major constituent is the levator ani complex.

Pelvic diaphragm

This is an irregular fibromuscular mass made of collagen and elastic fibers. It lies in the median plane between the anal canal and perineal membrane and is the junction point for the bulbospongiosus muscle, the external anal sphincter, and the superficial/deep transverse perineal muscles.

Perineal body (central tendon)

What makes up the entire pelvic diaphragm?

Levator ani complex | Coccygeus

This is a layer of skeletal muscle between two layers of fascia. It is perpetrated by membranous urethra (male and female) and the vagina.

Urogenital diaphragm

Ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa

This is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm.

Perineum

This is between the scrotal raphe and the anus.

Perineal raphe

The perineum is divided into two triangles by an imaginary line connecting the ischial tuberosities. The ______ triangle lies posteriorly, and the ________ triangle/diaphragm lies anteriorly.

Anal | Urogenital

What pierces the urogenital diaphragm in males and females? In females only?

Urethra | Vagina

What muscles are associated with the perineum?

Sphincter urethrae Superficial and deep perineal muscles Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle

What is the blood supply for the perineum?

Internal pudendal artery

What innervates the perineum?

Pudendal nerve | Sacral autonomics

Perineal body (central tendon)

The male external genitalia includes the...

Penis | Scrotum

The male internal reproductive structures includes the...

``` Spermatic cord Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Bulbourethral glands Ejaculatory ducts ```

This is the raised ridge between the glans penis and the scrotum. It marks the line of fusion between the two genital folds.

Penile raphe

This is between the penile raphe and the perineal raphe. It marks the line of fusion between two genital swellings.

Scrotal raphe

This is between the scrotal raphe and the anus.

Perineal raphe

The shaft of the penis consists of three columns of erectile tissue. These are...

``` Corpora cavernosa (paired/2 of them) Corpus spongiosum ```

This column of erectile tissue is an extension of the crura of the penis. It is dorsal to the third column and surrounds a deep artery.

Paired corpora cavernosa **Each one surrounds a deep artery

This column of erectile tissue houses the urethra. A conical expansion of it forms the glans penis.

Corpus spongiosum

List the three layers of tissue surrounding the penis.

Dartos' fascia Buck's fascia Deep fascia

This layer of tissue surrounding the penis is a continuation of Scarpa's fascia from the anterior abdominal wall and extends around the scrotum.

Dartos' fascia

This artery comes from the aorta and supplies the testis and epididymis.

Testicular artery

The scrotum begins as a pair of ______ ______ which fuse to form unpaired scrotum.

Genital swellings

This is the tough fibrous coat adherent to the testes.

Tunica albuginea

These originate within the abdominal region as retroperitoneal structures. They must descend down into the scrotum by sliding under the peritoneum.

Testes

Failure of the testes to descend by early childhood will cause ______ and increase chances of testicular cancer.

Sterility

Testes serve as site of ______ production but to storage.

Sperm

Sperm must move through a series of ducts to get to the ________, which is the site of sperm maturation.

Epididymis

List the female internal reproductive organs.

Vagina Uterus Oviducts Ovaries

The epidermis consists of a ______, ______, and ______.

Head Body Tail

This is what suspends the testis in the scrotum.

Spermatic cord

This is a muscular tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

Ductus deferens

This artery comes from the aorta and supplies the testis and epididymis.

Testicular artery

This is the female erectile structure. It consists of the glans covered by prepuce, angle, body, and paired crura.

Clitoris

This is located around the urethra after it leaves the urinary bladder. It is the largest male accessory gland and produces prostatic fluid. An enlargement may impede urinary flow.

Prostate gland

These are elongated structures located between the urinary bladder and rectum in males. They secrete alkaline fluid.

Seminal vesicles

These are pea-sized glands located posterolateral to the membranous urethra. They produce a mucous-like secretion during sexual arousal.

Bulbourethral glands

This begins at the union of the ductus deferent and the seminal vesicle. It's near the neck of the urinary bladder and converges at the seminal colliculus at the prostatic utricle.

Ejaculatory ducts

List the female external genitalia.

``` Pudendal cleft Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris ```

List the female internal reproductive organs.

Vagina Uterus Oviducts Ovaries

This is the short recess around the cervix.

Fornix

This is the rounded, fatty prominence anterior to the pubic symphysis.

Mons pubis

These are prominent skin folds protecting the external urethral and vaginal orifices. The junction of these forms the anterior commissure anterior to the angle of the clitoris.

Labia majora

These are fat-free, hairless skin folds. They are enclosed within the pudendal cleft and labia majora and surround the vestibule of the vagina.

Labia minora

This is the female erectile structure. It consists of the glans covered by prepuce, angle, body, and paired crura.

Clitoris

This is between the paired labia minora. It contains the vaginal and urethral orifices.

Vaginal vestibule

The vaginal orifice contains what?

Hymen

These are paired, elongated erectile tissue structures that surround the vaginal orifice.

Bulbs of vestibule

The (GREATER/LESSER) vestibular glands are paired glands posterior to bulbs of vestibule. They secrete mucous (lubrication).

Greater

The uterus is covered on its superior surface by ________. This extends laterally to form a pair of double membrane folds.

Peritoneum

This female reproductive structure consists of a musculomembranous tube and extends from the cervix to the vestibule of vagina (between labia minora).

Vagina

This is the short recess around the cervix.

Fornix

This is a pear-shaped female reproductive organ that has thick muscular walls.

Uterus

What are the 4 parts of the uterus?

Fundus Body Isthmus Cervix

This layer of the uterine wall is the outer, serous layer of peritoneum.

Perimetrium

This layer of the uterine wall is the middle muscular layer and is mostly vascular.

Myometrium

This layer of the uterine wall is the inner layer and is glandular.

Endometrium

The endometrium has the most pronounced changes during menstrual cycle. It responds to cyclic changes in levels of ______ and _______. The average cycle is about 28 days with ovulation occurring at mid-cycle.

Estrogens | Progesterone

During the first half of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium becomes thicker and more vascularized. If fertilization does not occur, the built-up endometrium does what?

Sloughs off

There are 3 openings into the uterus, which are...

Os cervix | Openings of the paired oviducts

The uterus is covered on its superior surface by ________. This extends laterally to form a pair of double membrane folds.

Peritoneum

This helps to suspend the uterus and support it during pregnancy. It attaches the uterus to lateral walls and floor of pelvis.

Broad ligaments (mesometrium)

This is the portion of the uterine tube within the wall of the uterus.

Intramural

This ligament attaches the lateral aspect of the uterus to the labia majora. It passes through the inguinal canal.

Round ligament

This ligament attaches the lateral pelvic wall to the cervix and the lateral fornix.

Transverse cervical ligament

This ligament attaches the middle sacrum to the cervix.

Uterosacral ligament

This ligament extends from the lateral pelvic wall to the ovary.

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

The folds of the peritoneum covering superior surfaces of the uterus and urinary bladder create _______ between these structures and the body wall.

Pouches

This uterine pouch is between the urinary bladder and the uterus.

Vesiculouterine pouch

This uterine pouch is between the sigmoid colon, rectum, and uterus.

Rectouterine pouch

This is the distal end of the uterine tube and is funnel shaped. It's open to the peritoneal cavity and closest to the ovaries. It contains finger-like projections called fimbriae.

Infundibulum

This is the widest and longest part of the uterine tube.

Ampulla

This is the narrower portion of the uterine tube closest to the uterus and is thick walled.

Isthmus

This is the portion of the uterine tube within the wall of the uterus.

Intramural

What is the arterial supply to the anal canal?

Inferior rectal artery

The ______ begins at level of sacral vertebra 3 and follows the curvature of the sacrum and coccyx.

Rectum

The femur length is approximately _____ of a person's height (useful for forensics purposes).

1/4

The (EXTERNAL/INTERNAL) anal sphincter is made of a thick ring of circular smooth muscle and surrounds the upper part of the anal canal. It is controlled reflexively and involuntarily by the ANS.

Internal

The internal anal sphincter is controlled reflexively and involuntarily by the ANS. The parasympathetic system promotes (CONTRACTION/RELAXATION) and the sympathetic system promotes (CONTRACTION/RELAXATION).

Relaxation | Contraction

The (EXTERNAL/INTERNAL) anal sphincter is made of three rings of skeletal muscle and extends the entire length of anal canal. It is controlled voluntarily via branches of the pudendal nerve.

External

Anal ______ consist of 5-10 longitudinal folds of mucosa in the upper half of the anal canal.

Anal

This is the small bump on the medial epicondyle that is the site of partial attachment of adductor magnus.

Adductor tubercle

This marks the junction between the endoderm portion of the anal canal and ectoderm portion of the anal canal (proctodeum). This also marks the division between visceral and somatic arterial, venous, lymphatic, and nerve supply.

Pectinate line

Innervation above the pectinate line is via the ______ and innervation below the pectinate line is via the _______ nerve (PNS).

ANS | Anococcygeal

Lymphatic changes also occur above and below the pectinate line. Above the line is to the _____ _____, below the line is to the ______ ______.

Cisterna chyli | Superficial nodes

What is the arterial supply to the inferior rectal artery?

Inferior rectal artery

This is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.

Femur

The femur length is approximately _____ of a person's height (useful for forensics purposes).

1/4

This is the most common long bone to be fracture due to its relatively poor blood supply and its healing time is very long.

Tibia

This is the low, rough line joining the two trochanters on the anterior surface.

Intertrochanteric line

This is a more distinct, heavier crest joining the two trochanters on the posterior surface. The quadrate tubercle (attachment site for quadratus femoris muscle) is located on this crest.

Intertrochanteric crest

The gluteal tuberosity and pectineal line on the femur converge into what?

Linea aspera

This is the small bump on the medial epicondyle that is the site of partial attachment of adductor magnus.

Adductor tubercle

Laterally, the linea aspera is a continuation of the gluteal tuberosity. Inferiorly it becomes the ______ ______ line.

Lateral supracondylar

Medially, the linea aspera is a continuation of the pectineal line. Inferiorly it becomes the ______ ______ line.

Medial supracondylar

What is the angle of inclination in a 3-year-old child?

45 degrees

The bones of the foot form three groups, which are...

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

What are the tarsal bones?

``` Calcaneus Talus Cuneiforms (3) Navicular Cuboid ```

This is the second largest bone in the body.

Tibia

This is the most common long bone to be fracture due to its relatively poor blood supply and its healing time is very long.

Tibia

This is a foot bone that is short and wide and articulates proximally with the head of the talus and distally with the cuneiforms.

Navicular

Why is the fibula not bear any weight?

It does not articulate with the femur.

This is the line on the posterior surface of the tibia that curves from below the lateral condyle toward the medial side of the posterior surface. It marks the attachment site of the soleus muscle.

Soleal line

The medial distal surface of the tibia contains the...

Medial malleolus

The lateral distal surface of the tibia contains the...

Fibular notch

This is a slender bone that articulates proximally with the tibia and distally with the talus.

Fibula

What are the proximal branches of the femoral artery?

Superficial epigastric artery Superficial circumflex iliac artery Superficial external pudendal artery

The bones of the foot form three groups, which are...

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

What are the tarsal bones?

Calcaneus Talus Cuneiforms (3) Navicular

This is considered the "heel bone".

Calcaneus

This is the only ankle bone that articulates with the tibia.

Talus

What is the floor of the femoral triangle (from medial to lateral)?

Adductor longus Pectineus Posts major Iliacus

These are foot bones that each articulates with one of the first three metatarsals. Its name refers to their wedge-shape.

Cuneiforms

This artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery.

Femoral artery

The femoral artery begins (SUPERFICIAL/DEEP) to the inguinal ligament and is enclosed within the femoral sheath.

Deep

The femoral artery becomes the ________ artery at the adductor hiatus.

Popliteal

What are the 6 deep external rotators of the gluteal muscles?

``` Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator interns Inferior gemellus Obturator externes Quadratus femoris ```

This is a fusion of the common peroneal (fibular) and tibial nerves. It is the largest physical nerve in the body.

Sciatic nerve

What is the base of the femoral triangle?

Inguinal ligament

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle? Medial border?

Medial border of the sartorius | Lateral border of the adductor longus

What is the roof of the femoral triangle?

Skin and fascia

The lesser sciatic foramen is for structures entering or leaving the _______.

Perineum

This is a continuation of the acetabular labrum across the acetabular notch. It converts the notch into a foramen for the transmission of the artery to the head of the femur.

Transverse acetabular ligament

What is the blood supply and innervation for the gluteus maximus?

Inferior gluteal artery | Inferior gluteal nerve

The gluteus medium and gluteus minimum are the same muscle separated by what nerve?

Superior gluteal nerve

This is a test that evaluates the strength of the contralateral gluteus medium. The patient stands upright and raises one foot off the ground. The contralateral gluteus medium should lower the contralateral hip and raise the ipsilateral hip. This is needed to clear the foot from the ground during swing phase of walking.

Trendelenburg Test

This is a fibrocartilage pad that deepens the hip socket and grasps the head of the femur to hold it in the socket.

Acetabular labrum

The sciatic notches are separated from each other by the ______ ______.

Ischial spine

These ligaments convert the sciatic notches into foramina.

Sacrospinous ligament | Sacrotuberous ligament

This is the weakest ligament of the hip and is where hip dislocations most commonly occur posteriorly.

Ischiofemoral ligament

The lesser sciatic foramen is for structures entering or leaving the _______.

Perineum

This is a continuation of the acetabular labrum across the acetabular notch. It converts the notch into a foramen for the transmission of the artery to the head of the femur.

Transverse acetabular ligament

This is the strongest and most important ligament of the hip joint. It's called the "Y" ligament of Bigelow, and it resists hyperextension of the hip.

Iliofemoral ligament

An increase in the angle of inclination is called...

Coxa valga

What muscles make up the quadriceps?

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis

The angle of torsion value is...

12 degrees

What innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Femoral nerve

When there is a decrease in the angle of torsion, the anterior surface of the femur faces more laterally. This is called...

Retroversion

What supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Femoral artery (and its branches)

What are the contents of the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial)?

Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein Lymphatics ***Remember NAVL

The cribriform fascia and fossa ovalis is the opening for the ______ ______ vein.

Great saphenous

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Iliopsoas Sartorius Pectineus Quadriceps

What muscles make up the quadriceps?

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis

What actions does the anterior compartment of the thigh perform?

``` Hip flexion (Rectus femoris and Sartorius) Knee extension ```

What innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Femoral nerve

The medial compartment of the thigh consists of what muscles?

``` Gracilis Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Obturator externus ```

What supplies blood to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Femoral artery (and its branches)

What is the blood supply to the medial compartment of the thigh?

Obturator artery

What is the innervation for the medial compartment of the thigh?

``` Obturator nerve Tibial nerve (To hamstring portion of adductor magnus) ```

The (LATERAL/MEDIAL) meniscus is attached to the posterior cruciate ligament via the meniscofemoral ligament, and is attached to the popliteus muscle.

Lateral

The _______ bursa is an upward expansion of the synovial cavity between the femur and quadriceps muscle and tendon. Proximally it receives insertion of the articularis genus muscle.

Suprapatellar

The _______ bursa lies between the superficial surface of the patella and skin.

Prepatellar

The _______ _______ bursa lies between the patellar ligament and tibia. It may become inflamed as a result of excessive kneeling.

Deep infrapatellar

The ________ bursa is located between the tendon of popliteus muscle and lateral condyle of the tibia.

Subpopliteal

The _______ bursa is under the medial head of the gastrocnemius.

Gastrocnemius

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh called collectively?

Hamstrings

Menisci are wedge-shaped fibrocartilaginous joint discs that are poorly vascularized and do not heal well. The (LATERAL/MEDIAL) meniscus is larger and more securely attached. It is also attached to the medial collateral ligament and to the semimembranosus muscle, therefore it's more often injured.

Medial

This cruciate ligament is taut during flexion and slack during extension. It prevents forward sliding of the femur on the tibia and prevents hyperflexion of the knee.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The _______ bursae is an upward expansion of the synovial cavity between the femur and quadriceps muscle and tendon. Proximally it receives insertion of the articularis genus muscle.

Suprapatellar

The _______ bursae lies between the superficial surface of the patella and skin.

Prepatellar

The _______ _______ bursae lies between the patellar ligament and tibia. It may become inflamed as a result of excessive kneeling.

Deep infrapatellar

The ________ bursae is located between the tendon of popliteus muscle and lateral condyle of the tibia.

Subpopliteal

The _______ bursae is under the medial head of the gastrocnemius.

Gastrocnemius

The _______ bursa is between pes anserinus and the tibial collateral ligament. (**Pes anserinus = combined tendons of semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius)

Anserine

This is the weakest of the cruciate ligaments. It's slack during flexion and taut during extension. It prevents backward sliding of the femur on the tibia and prevents hyperextension of the knee.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

This cruciate ligament is taut during flexion and slack during extension. It prevents forward sliding of the femur on the tibia and prevents hyperflexion of the knee.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The normal angle at the knee where the femoral and tibial axes meet are _____ to _____ degrees.

170 to 175

This is a lateral deviation of the tibia, resulting in an axis of less than 170 degrees. Results in "knock knees".

Genu valgum

This is a medial deviation of the tibia, resulting in an axis of greater than 170 degrees. Results in "bow legs".

Genu varum

This is the posterior aspect of the knee. It is a deep recess formed by the borders of four muscles.

Popliteal fossa

What is the superior border of the popliteal fossa?

Semimembranosus | Semitendinosus

What is the inferior border of the popliteal fossa?

Medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius

Exam 1 Flashcards

(254 cards)