Lecture 15 (Exam 2)

Question 1

List the layers of the scalp from superficial to deep.

Answer 1

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (or frontalis/occipitalis) 
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium (periosteum) 

Notice they spell out SCALP

Question 2

What gives cutaneous nerve supply to the scalp?

Answer 2

CN V (Trigeminal nerve)
Cervical spinal nerve

Question 3

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

Answer 3

Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

Question 4

What are the cervical spinal nerves involved in the cutaneous innervation?

Answer 4

Ventral rami of C2, C3

Dorsal ramus of C2

Question 5

What nerves come from the ventral rami of C2 and C3?

Answer 5

Great auricular nerve (C2,3)

Lesser occipital nerve (C2)

Question 6

What nerve comes from the dorsal ramus of C2?

Answer 6

Greater occipital nerve (C2)

Question 7

What is the arterial supply to the scalp?

Answer 7

External carotid

Internal carotid

Question 8

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 8

Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery

Question 9

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

Answer 9

Supratrochlear artery

Supraorbital artery

Question 10

What is the arterial supply to the brain?

Answer 10

Two internal carotid arteries

Two vertebral arteries

Question 11

The four arteries that supply the brain lie within the ________ ________.

Answer 11

Subarachnoid space

Question 12

The four arteries that supply brain have branches that anastomose on the inferior surface of the brain and form the…

Answer 12

Circle of Willis

Question 13

The circle of Willis interconnects the internal carotid and vertebral system to create alternative routes for blood flow in case of ________.

Answer 13

Blockage

Question 14

What are the components of the circle of Willis (5)?

Answer 14

Posterior cerebral arteries 
Internal carotids/Middle cerebral arteries 
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating artery 
Posterior communicating artery

Question 15

What are the arteries that supply the meninges?

Answer 15

Anterior meningeal arteries

Middle meningeal artery

Question 16

What veins support the meninges?

Answer 16

Emissary veins
Diploic veins
Cerebral veins

Question 17

These arteries in the meninges is from the ethmoidal arteries and internal carotid.

Answer 17

Anterior meningeal arteries

Question 18

This artery in the meninges is from the maxillary artery.

Answer 18

Middle meningeal artery

Question 19

These veins of the meninges are between the dural venous sinuses and external veins.

Answer 19

Emissary veins

Question 20

What are the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

Answer 20

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Leptomeninx

Question 21

This layer is absent around the brain.

Answer 21

Epidural space

Question 22

What are the sub-layers of the leptomeninx?

Answer 22

Arachnoid membrane
Arachnoid villi
Pia mater

Question 23

This is a tough thick sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue. In the cranial cavity it lines the inside of the cranial vault bone and serves as the periosteum. Called “tough mother”.

Answer 23

Dura mater

Question 24

Around the spinal cord, the dura mater forms a connective tissue tube that is separated from the bone of the vertebral foramina by a space referred to as the _________ _________.

Answer 24

Epidural space

Question 25

Within the dura mater are large, endothelial-lined venous sinuses that receive blood from the cerebral drainage as well as cerebrospinal fluid via the ________ ________.

Answer 25

Arachnoid villi

Question 26

A layer of dural border cells separates the dura mater from the ________ ________.

Answer 26

Subdural space

Question 27

This dura mater reflection is a midline fold of the dura mater extending between two cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 27

Falx cerebri

Question 28

This dura mater reflection is a dural fold located between the cerebellum and occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 28

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 29

This dura mater reflection is a dural fold between the two cerebellar hemispheres.

Answer 29

Falx cerebelli

Question 30

This dura mater reflection is a dural fold over the hypophyseal fossa.

Answer 30

Diaphragma sellae

Question 31

These are endothelial-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura.

Answer 31

Dural venous sinuses

Question 32

This dural sinus lies along the superior margin of falx cerebri. It begins at crista galli and ends at occipital protuberance.

Answer 32

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 33

This dural sinus lies along the inferior margin of falx cerebri. It ends in the straight sinus.

Answer 33

Inferior sagittal sinus

Question 34

This dural sinus lies at the intersection of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. It's formed at the intersection of the inferior sagittal sinus with the great cerebral vein and joins the confluence of sinuses.

Answer 34

Straight sinus

Question 35

This dural sinus is a common confluence of superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinuses, and straight sinus.

Answer 35

Confluence of sinuses

Question 36

This dural sinus begins at the confluence of sinuses and extends along the edges of tentorium cerebelli. The right sinus receives blood from the superior sagittal sinus, and the left (dominant) sinus receives blood from the straight sinus.

Answer 36

Transverse sinuses

Question 37

This dural sinus are continuations on either side of straight sinus. It is "S"-shaped and ends at the jugular foramina. It becomes the internal jugular veins.

Answer 37

Sigmoid sinuses

Question 38

This dural sinus is a large venous plexus on each side of the sella turcica.

Answer 38

Cavernous sinus

Question 39

This dural sinus runs on either side from the cavernous sinus to the junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinus.

Answer 39

Superior petrosal sinus

Question 40

This dural sinus runs on either side from the cavernous sinus to the junction of the sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein.

Answer 40

Inferior petrosal vein

Question 41

This layer of the meninges is an intermediate layer composed of delicate connective tissue. Refers to "spiders".

Answer 41

Arachnoid

Question 42

The outer layer of the arachnoid faces the ________ ________ and is made up of a single layer of arachnoid barrier cells.

Answer 42

Subdural space

Question 43

The arachnoid is attached to the underlying ______ ______ by delicate strands of connective tissue called _______ _______.

Answer 43

Pia mater | Arachnoid trabeculae

Question 44

The spaces between the arachnoid and the pia mater are collectively referred to as the ________ ________.

Answer 44

Subarachnoid space

Question 45

What fills the subarachnoid space?

Answer 45

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 46

________ ________, made up of arachnoid barrier cells, extend from the outer surface of the arachnoid into the overlying venous sinuses of the dura mater and allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses.

Answer 46

Arachnoid villi

Question 47

Arachnoid ________ (fovea granulares) may pit surrounding bone.

Answer 47

Granulations

Question 48

A blockage of the movement of CSF results in its accumulation in the ventricles and around the brain, a condition known as...

Answer 48

Hydrocephalus

Question 49

The ________ ________ are CSF filled spaces formed by openings in the subarachnoid space. The space separates two of the meninges, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Answer 49

Subarachnoid cisterns

Question 50

These are responsible for the production of CSF.

Answer 50

Choroid plexuses

Question 51

This layer of the meninges is the innermost layer. It is a thin, delicate sheet of connective tissue that lies directly on the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord. It follows the contours of the brain and dips into the fissures and sulci, lining them as well. Called "tender mother".

Answer 51

Pia mater

Question 52

The connective tissue of the _____ _____ is continuous with the perivascular connective tissue of cerebral and spinal cord blood vessels.

Answer 52

Pia mater

Question 53

The pia mater is very tightly attached to the ________ tissue of the brain and spinal cord and cannot be removed without damaging the _______ tissue.

Answer 53

Nervous | Nervous

Question 54

_______ _______ are tunnels covered with pia mater.

Answer 54

Perivascular spaces

Question 55

What are the layers of the spinal cord meninges?

Answer 55

``` Epidural space Dura mater Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater Denticulate ligaments Filum terminale ```

Question 56

This layer of the spinal cord meninges contains epidural fat and internal venous plexus.

Answer 56

Epidural space

Question 57

This layer of the spinal cord meninges is an extension of the dural sac from conus medullaris to coccyx.

Answer 57

Filum terminale

Question 58

The anterior spinal artery is from the union of ________ arteries.

Answer 58

Vertebral

Question 59

The _______ branches are from the anterior spinal artery into the anterior median fissure.

Answer 59

Sulcal

Question 60

The _______ _______ arteries branch from vertebral arteries or from posteroinferior cerebellar arteries.

Answer 60

Posterior spinal

Question 61

What is the circulation of the CSF?

Answer 61

Choroid plexus -- Ventricles -- Through apertures -- Into subarachnoid space -- Through arachnoid villi -- Into dural venous sinuses -- Into internal jugular veins