Exam 1 - CH 1-2 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
rostral
A
up (towards the nose)
2
Q
caudal
A
down (towards tail)
3
Q
dorsal
A
back (posterior)
4
Q
ventral
A
front (anterior)
5
Q
midsagittal
A
divides brain into left and right halves along the midline
6
Q
sagittal
A
divides brain into left and right sections that are not necessarily equal
7
Q
coronal
A
divides front from back
8
Q
horizontal (transverse)
A
divides top from bottom
9
Q
flexion
A
decrease the angle of limb segments around a joint
10
Q
extension
A
increase angle of limb segments around a joint
11
Q
adduction
A
movement towards the body’s central axis
12
Q
abduction
A
movement away from central axis
13
Q
pronate
A
body face down
14
Q
supinate
A
body face up
15
Q
acute
A
evolve over minutes to hours
16
Q
subacute
A
evolve over days to weeks
17
Q
chronic
A
develop or continue over long term
18
Q
motor
A
part of motor system that controls motor movements
19
Q
speech
A
communication through use of vocal symbols
20
Q
disorders
A
abnormality of function
21
Q
MSDs
A
a collection of speech production deficits caused by abnormal functioning of the motor system
22
Q
how many types of dysarthria and apraxia
A
7 dysarthria
1 apraxia
23
Q
dysarthria
A
impaired production of speech due to disturbances in muscular control of speech mechanism
24
Q
dysarthria can affect:
A
articulation
respiration
prosody
resonance
phonation
25
apraxia
deficit in the ability to smoothly sequence the speech producing movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other parts of the speech mechanism
26
apraxia primarily affects:
articulation
prosody
27
apraxia occurs frequently when:
left hemisphere of the brain is damaged
28
CNS
brain and spinal cord
29
PNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
30
sensory =
afferent
arrives
31
motor =
efferent
exits
32
brain divided into:
cerebrum
brainstem
cerebellum
33
cerebrum
largest part
split into 2 parts by longitudinal fissure
34
4 lobes of the cerebrum
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
35
prominent sulci in cerebrum
lateral
central
36
prominent gyri in cerebrum
precentral (frontal - motor)
postcentral (sensory)
37
cerebral cortex
gray matter
performs higher cognitive activities: language, motor planning, problem solving, sensory perception
38
most rostral lobe
frontal
39
largest lobe
frontal
40
motor cortex and most associated with high level abstract thinking
frontal
41
premotor cortex
planning and coordinating skilled movement
42
prefrontal cortex
cog functioning (reasoning, abstract thinking, self monitoring, advance planning)
43
broca's
anterior speech language area
44
middle posterior surface above brain, above temporal lobe
parietal
45
sensory cortex for touch temp and sensory functions
parietal
46
post central gyrus
parietal
primary sensory cortex
47
supra marginal gyrus
parietal
right at posterior end of lateral fissure
48
angular gyrus
near intersection of parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
49
lesions in the angular gyrus produce:
alexia
agraphia
acalculia
50
bounded superiorly by lateral fissure
temporal lobe
51
Heschel's gyrus
Temporal lobe
within lateral fissure
primary auditory cortex
each side receives projections from both
52
wernicke's area
posterior section of superior temporal gyrus of language dominant hemisphere
53
language association cortex, responsible for interpretation of speech sounds
temporal
54
visual cortex
occipital lobe
55
brainstem: top to bottom
midbrain
pons
medulla
56
between cerebrum and spinal cord
brainstem
57
cranial nerve nuclei
points where cranial nerves attach to brainstem
58
damage ABOVE medulla
opposite side affected
59
damage BELOW medulla
same side affected
60
brainstem controls:
breathing, swallowing, HR, BP
61
brainstem acts as passageway for
descending and ascending neural tracts that travel between cerebrum and spinal cord
62
conveys motor impulses from CNS to muscles of larynx, face, tongue, pharynx, velum
brainstem
63
ataxia
damage to cerebellum
64
cerebellum function
balance and coordination
65
attached to back of brainstem
cerebellum
66
makes neural connections with cerebral cortex and many other parts of CNS
cerebellum
67
3 primary parts of neurons
cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
68
demylination
MS
69
myelin sheath
helps protect nerve impulse
70
tracts
bundles of axons found in the CNS
71
nerves
bundles axons found in the PNS
72
neurotransmitters
small substance released at end points once charge reaches axon's terminal ramifications
73
2 important neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
dopamine
74
means by which neural impulses are transmitted from one part of the nervous system to another
neurons
75
primitive brain
brainstem
76
little brain
cerebellum
77
dendrites vs axons
dendrites (afferent)
axon (efferent)
78
PNS subdivides into
somatic
autonomic
79
pyramidal decussation
medulla
80
third frontal convolution
broca's area
81
precentral gyrus
motor
82
post central gyrus
sensory
83
damage to basal ganglia
parkinsons
huntingtons
84
damage to cerebellum
ataxia
intention tremor
dysmetria
85
function of thalamus
major subcortical sensory structure
sensory relay station
86
major symptoms of LMN damage?
weakness/paralysis
flaccid dysarthria
87
major symptoms of UMN damage?
spastic dysarthria
88
UMN =
CNS
89
LMN =
PNS
90
role of the cerebral cortex
motor planning
language
problem solving
sensory perception
91
what CN are important for speech?
5, 7, 9, 11, 12
92
what CN processes vision?
CN 2
93
ptosis demonstrates difficulty with which CN?
CN 3
94
A negative babinski reflex indicate which of the following?
desired response
95
function of basal ganglia
motor
96
function of thalamus
sensory
96
standardized apraxia test
apraxia battery for adults
96
simplified speech test
vowel prolongation
96
What is the correct order subsystem-specific interventions
respiration, phonation, resonation/velopharyngeal function, and articulation.
