Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biological Psychology > Exam 1: Ch. 1, 2, & 7 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch. 1, 2, & 7 Flashcards

(109 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Glial Cell function

A

Nonneuronal cell

Provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

1) Brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally
2) Information is transmitted from one neuron to the next across tiny gaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neuron Organelle Functions:

  1. Mitochondria
  2. Cell Nucleus
  3. Ribosomes
A
  1. Mitochondria- produce energy
  2. Cell Nucleus- contains genes encoded in DNA
  3. Ribosomes- translate genetic instructions from cell nucleus into proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Input zone

A

receives info from other neurons

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell body

A

nucleus, usually integration zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

multipolar neuron

A

multiple dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bipolar neuron

A

single dendrite and single axon

sensory systems-vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process that emerges form the cell body and extends in two directions.
Integration zone is at base of dendritic branches

Touch information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Axon

A

single extension from nerve cell that carries AP from the cell body to other neurons. serves as conduction zone for electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

axon terminal

A

output zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Motor Neurons

A

synapse on muscles. can also control organs and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

carry messages from periphery back to spinal cord and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

majority of neurons

A

interneurons- input and output to other neurons.

Axons are short, unlike motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

a gap of 20-40 nanometers that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Histology

A

scientific study of the composition of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nissl stains

A

cell stain that reveals all cell bodies by staining RNA.
Used to measure cell body size and density of cells in particular regions

ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Golgi Stains

A

label only a small minority of neurons in a sample

but stain very deeply and completely, revealing fine details of cell structure such as branches of dendrites and axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

autoradiography

A

histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A

technique in which labeled complimentary nucleic probes are used to identify cells expressing specific messenger RNA transcripts, reflecting the activation of specific genes of interest.

creating antibodies against protein of interest
ex: c-fos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

5 viewpoints explore biology of behavior

A
  1. Describe
  2. Evolution
  3. Development
  4. Mechanisms
  5. Applications

DAMED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trait that is passed on from a common ancestor to two or more descendant species.

A

Conserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Process by which an individual changes in the course of its life time

A

ontogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Alter structure/function of brain or body to see how alteration changes behavior

A

somatic interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Intervening in a behavior of an organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function

A

behavioral interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Brain-Behavior Relations
correlation
26
Breaking into smaller parts to understand
reductionism
27
Using radioactively labeled lengths of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)- labels only neurons in which a gene of interest has been turned on
in situ hybridization look at what genes are doing ribopros instead of antibodies, reverse complement, binds to RNA, gets it to stain and give signal
28
substances that are taken up by neurons and transported over the routes of their axons. Anterograde- injected near dendrites/cell bodies (targets) Retrograde- injected near terminals, reveals source
tract tracing
29
Golgi Apparatus
all molecules synthesized are transported in various vesicles (packaging proteins/NT)
30
Endoplasmic reticulum
nissel substance, protein synthesis | Stable LTP requires synthesis of proteins
31
Ribosomes
ribosomes --> mRNA --> aminos sequencing of amino acids to proteins
32
Mitochondria
creates energy Matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae Fat/Sugar/Protein --> Pyruvic Acid + O2 --> ATP + CO2
33
Phospholipid bilayer
Barrier to water soluble ions Estrogen/steroids have receptors have molecules that will pass right through
34
Structural supports
Microtubule- 20nm Neurofilament-10nm Microfilament (actin)-5 nm
35
Synthesis of proteins
transcription/translation Nucleus --> DNA --> genes --> mRNA in cytoplasm
36
Specificity - synapses change requires
protein synthesis in cell body
37
Primary structure
aminos
38
Secondary
coils (helix)
39
Tertiary structure
folds
40
Quaternary
different subunits come together
41
c-FOS
look at active cells
42
Astrocytes
Regulate capillaries Supply neuron with blood in situ with other cell types Most common Form BBB glutamate/GABA cycle
43
Microglia
immune function, engulf debris, cause swelling, grow as they absorb blood
44
Oligodendrocytes
CNS myelination | 1 can myelinate several axons at once
45
Schwann
PNS myelination | 1:1 ratio
46
Ependymal glia
line cavities form layer on fluid surfaces Cross section through cilia: 9 segments
47
What controls blood in vessels, surrounds lumin, but not part of BBB, rather nonneural cells controlling tension in blood vessel
Peri-sites
48
Oligodendrocytes have no-go protein that schwann does not have
it inhibits growth/regeneration. CNS is immunologically privileged.
49
Fibrous astrocytes
White Matter
50
Protoplasmic Astrocytes
grey matter
51
Satellite cells
PNS cover nerve surface support, structure, provide nutrients
52
1
olfactory Sensory smell
53
2
optic sensory vision
54
3
oculomotor motor most eye movement
55
4
trochlear motor moves eye
56
5
trigeminal both face sensation, mastication, sinuses, teeth, jaw muscles
57
6
abducens motor abducts the eye
58
7
facial both facial expression, taste, salivary glands, tear glands
59
8
vestibulocochlear sensory auditory/balance
60
9
Glossopharyngeal Both Taste, gag reflex,
61
10
Vagus Both Gag reflex, parasympathetic innervation, internal organs
62
11
spinal accessory motor shoulder shrug/neck muscles
63
12
hypoglossal motor swallowing, speech: Throat muscles
64
DTI- diffusion tensor imaging- fraction anisotropy
Diffusion of water in axons Visualize axonal connections between regions form of MRI Ansiotropy- more in one direction than the other Computer figures where tract most likely to go
65
Forebrain: 2 main sections
Forebrain and Diencephalon
66
Forebrain
Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
67
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus
68
Mesencephalon
midbrain
69
Hindbrain: 2 main parts
Metencephalon, myencephalon
70
Metencephalon
Cerebellum | Pons
71
Myelencephalon
Medulla
72
Association tracts
cortex to cortex, same hemisphere ex: Cingulum, uncinate, fasciculus
73
Commissure
Cortex to cortex, opposition hemisphere Ex: Corpus C
74
Projection tracts
Cortex to subcortical structures (both directions)
75
CSF made by ____ and exits from ___
choroid plexus 4th ventricle
76
Medial/frontal/parietal part of brain: Artery
Anterior
77
Limbic system/side exterior of brain: Artery
Middle
78
Medial occuptial, ventral temporal lobe: artery
Posterior
79
____ stroke occurs when ruptured artery allows blood to leak into the brain
hemorrhagic
80
___ stroke when clots occur
ischemic
81
GP and putamen make up the
lentiform nucleus
82
Parkinson's: need to know
Loss of neurons in substantia nigra. No DA projections, alters balance of excitatory/inhibitory Weaker output thalamus --> Cortex
83
Computerized Tomography (CT)
X-ray scan Good: Quick, available, gross image, cheap However, not good resolution
84
MRI
Bad: Expensive Good: high resolution
85
fMRI
Good: spatial (temporal) Bad: speed/detail
86
EEG
Good: Speed/detail Bad: spatial (temporal)
87
PET
not good at either
88
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation
stimulate/inhibit certain brain areas ``` non-invasive electromagnetic coils OCD/depression Pulsed magnetic field stimulated cortical region ```
89
Cortical Layer 1
Molecular layer few cell bodies Astrocytes, run parallel
90
Cortical Layer 2
External Granular Layer dendrites to layer 1
91
Cortical Layer 3
External pyramidal
92
Cortical Layer 4
Internal Granules Mostly stellate (inhibitory), local projections only
93
Cortical Layer 5
Internal Pyramidal Medium --> large cells
94
Cortical Layer 6
Multiform: different cell types, fusiform cells
95
Spinal cord division
``` Cervical-8 Thoracic-12 Lumbar-5 Sacral-5 Coccygeal-1 ```
96
Sensory enters _____, motor exits ____
dorsal horn ventral horn
97
What is between 4th/3rd ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
98
Donal Hebbian
Showed plasticity- experience is recorded in brain as structural change
99
Pericocial
animals well developed before birth
100
Altricial
animals not prepared, need parental investment
101
1. Neurogenesis
Neural cells divide in ventricular zone Cells divide rapidly some cells level and make marginal zone
102
2. Cell Migration
migrate to outer cortex first Assisted by radial glia Aggregation- not differentiated, but group together
103
3. Cell Differentiation
Gradual, cell-cell interactions, chemical signals tells other cells how to differentiate
104
4. Synaptogenesis
create synaptic connections Neurotrophic factors: chemical signals produced by specific target cells Growth cones- specialized ends of axons in developing neurons Processing forming-dendrites/branches
105
5. Cell Death
Growth cones that fine their targets lives, those that don't die
106
6. Synapses rearrangement
addition or loss of synapses throughout life
107
Intrinsic factors
chromosomal aberrations | Single-gene effects
108
Extrinsic factors
drugs, cell/cell interactions (neurotrophic, induction, thyroid) neural activity
109
Growth Cones
Main part is lamellipodium, branches are filopodia, target cells release factors that signal to the growth factors

Biological Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions