Language

Question 1

Broca

Answer 1

motor speech, left inferior frontal

Hemiplegia/hemiparesis- paralysis or weakness on one side
Averbia- loss of action words

Question 2

Wernicke

Answer 2

understand speech, superior temporal cortex
Paraphasia-sound substitutions/word substitutions
Anomia-inability to name people/objects

Question 3

Supramarginal gyrus

Answer 3

repetition of heard speech

Question 4

Conduction aphasia

Answer 4

good spontaneous speech/comprehension, but paraphasia (substitute words), can’t repeat/name things, effortful speech,

Question 5

Who is tan

Answer 5

M. Leborgne

anterior left hemisphere damage, levels 2/3 in photo

Question 6

Speak a heard word

Answer 6

1. Primary auditory
2. Wernicke
3. Arcuate fasciculus
4. Broca’s
5. Motor Cortex

Question 7

Speak a written word

Answer 7

1. primary visual cortex
2. angular gyrus–> decodes image
3. Wernicke
4. Broca’s area
5. Motor cortex

Question 8

Angular Gyrus

Answer 8

decodes image, associates word with visual form

Question 9

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 9

Cortex –> Cortex same side, association

Question 10

What is wrong with connectionist model?

Answer 10

Arcuate fasciculus actually terminates in vicinity of precentral gyrus.

Mirror neurons when copying suggest language is more of a motor model

Question 11

bilingual

Answer 11

different subregions for different languages, but bilingual early? Overlap

Question 12

Passively viewing words

Passively listening to words

Answer 12

View- posterior areas

listen- superior temporal region

Question 13

Actively read/repeat word

Actively come up with association word

Answer 13

Read/repeat- motor areas, NOT BROCA, just supplementary primary motor areas

Language processing- engage Broca’s areas

Question 14

KE family and FOXP2 gene

Answer 14

thinning grey matter/cerebellum, frontal cortex, basal ganglia.

Acquire some language disorders, but not cerebellum

Question 15

Dyslexia

Answer 15

contradictions: symmetry and asymmetry

Planum Temporal/Heschl’s gyrus

Question 16

Deep dyslexia

Answer 16

substitute words (cow/horse)
hates abstract words
sees whole but not parts of words, can’t read nonsense words

Question 17

Surface dyslexia

Answer 17

Phonemic, sound words

Not in phonetic languages (ex: Italian)

Question 18

Planum temporal

Answer 18

symmetrical is dyslexics, normally asymmetrical

Question 19

Junction parietal/temporal

Answer 19

asymmetrical in dyslexics, should be symmetrical

Question 20

Ectopia

Answer 20

in area it’s not supposed to be- migrated to wrong layer

Question 21

Dysplasia

Answer 21

any neuropathology that results from development

Question 22

Weird problem with Dyslexia

Answer 22

differences in activation/organization, some intervention helps, but resists plasticity

Question 23

A.R. Lurium? patients: Temporal Occipital Damage

Answer 23

Bad at drawings, but free hand is ridiculously bad

Question 24

A.R. Lurium: Parieto-Occipital region tumor

Answer 24

RH broken, no left visual info, only draws right side

Question 25

A.R. Lurium: Occipital Language Tumor

Answer 25

Doesn't know written language Thinks pictures are a foreign language After 15 days, recovered Awareness/visual reconstruction

Question 26

A.R. Lurium: Occipital/Parietal-Occipital Damage

Answer 26

Put crosses on object, forgets what it is. Put lines on a word, can't read it Would fail "prove you're not a robot" test

Question 27

A.R. Lurium: premotor (lack of inhibition)

Answer 27

left premotor region, keep drawing circle, Compulsive movement (can't stop drawing)

Question 28

A.R. Lurium: Extreme frontal lobe lesions

Answer 28

instructions vs. what is drawn Can copy stuff, but given verbal instructions they can't do it

Question 29

Can't write

Answer 29

Agraphia

Question 30

Can't read

Answer 30

Alexia

Question 31

Neologism

Answer 31

made up words

Question 32

Word deaf

Answer 32

can't understand spoken- temporal damage

Question 33

Word blind

Answer 33

can't understand written- angular cortex

Question 34

Conduction aphasia (can't repeat words) =

Answer 34

arcuate fasiculus damage

Question 35

Anterior aphasics

Answer 35

difficulty comprehending some aspects of speech in addition to expression problems

Question 36

Posterior aphasics

Answer 36

make speech production errors despite fluency

Question 37

Motor theory of language

Answer 37

Anterior: phonemic units of speech posterior: string speech together

Question 38

ERP: N400

Answer 38

word meanings error in temporal

Question 39

ERP: P600

Answer 39

grammatical error

Question 40

phoneme

Answer 40

sound produced for language

Question 41

morpheme

Answer 41

smallest grammatical unit of language (un- fathom -able)

Question 42

Semantics

Answer 42

meanings of words/sentences

Question 43

Syntax

Answer 43

grammatical rules

Question 44

Pragmatics

Answer 44

context in which speech sound is uttered