Sleep

Question 1

Why do we sleep: Most recent theory, one coloumbo likes

Answer 1

memory consolidation

Question 2

EEG bands: How big a signal is/how many neurons?

Answer 2

Amplitude/power

Question 3

EEG bands: how do neurons fire?

Answer 3

Frequency [Hz or cycles/sec]

Question 4

Waking

Answer 4

Desynchronized, beta activity (high frequency, low amp)

Question 5

Stage 1

Answer 5

Synchronized
Alpha - relax
Vertex spikes- sharp waves, indicate sleep onset
Slow heart rate, down muscle tension

Question 6

Stage 2

Answer 6

Sleep spindles- small by condensed activity (high frequency)
K complexes- large gaps, slightly higher amp to transition to stage 3

Question 7

If awakened during stages 1 or 2

Answer 7

deny asleep

Question 8

Stage 3

Answer 8

SWS
Large amp, slow wave
Delta waves- high amp, low frequency
Synchronized

Question 9

REM

Answer 9

Muscle relax
EEG like waking
High amp, high frequency

Question 10

Delta

Answer 10

High amplitude
0.5-3 Hz
Stage 3 an SWS

Question 11

Beta

Answer 11

Low amplitude
13-30 Hz
Waking

Question 12

Gamma

Answer 12

30-100 Hz, very fast

Alzheimer’s connection

Question 13

Sleep Spindles

Answer 13

Low Amplitude
12-14 Hz
Periodic bursts in stage 2

Question 14

Alpha

Answer 14

Low amp
8-12 Hz
Stage 1/relaxed

Question 15

Theta

Answer 15

4-7 Hz

Memory

Question 16

What measures muscle tension?

Answer 16

Electromyography (EMG)

gone during REM, highest when awake

Question 17

What measures Eye movement?

Answer 17

EOG: electrooculography

Question 18

EEG shows that during NREM

Answer 18

synchronized brain waves

Question 19

sensation and perception throughout sleep

Answer 19

Wake- external, present
NREM- absent
REM- internal, present

Question 20

Thought throughout sleep

Answer 20

Wake- logical, progressive
NREM- logical, preservative
REM- illogical, bizarre

Question 21

Movement throughout sleep

Answer 21

Wake- Continuous voluntary
NREM- Episodic involuntary
REM- commanded but inhibited

Question 22

When does recuperation occur?

Answer 22

NREM, growth hormone secretion

Question 23

Jenkins/Dallebbach’s odor memory task

Answer 23

Location of objects in computer game while exposed to odor. Expose to odor during REM, SWS, and waking.
SWS for memory consolidation around delta/theta.

Question 24

All general anesthetics increase ____ receptor signaling by acting as noncompetitive agonists.

Answer 24

GABA-A

Produce slow EEGs that look like SWS

Question 25

Sleep deprivation recovery trends

Answer 25

First night: more stage 3 sleep | Second night: greater REM intensity

Question 26

Basal Forebrain

Answer 26

SWS by GABA release Stimulation: animals sleepy Lesion: Insomnia Induces sleep

Question 27

Reticular Formation

Answer 27

Activates forebrain into wake state Stimulation: Wake/alert Lesion: Constant sleep Located in brainstem

Question 28

Subcoeruleus (Pons)

Answer 28

REM, inhibits motor neurons Stimulation/cholinergic agonists: Prolong REM Lesion: abolish REM

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

Affects other regions, decides sleep/wake Hypocretin NT, loss = narcolepsy, loss of muscle control Cycling function: SWS vs. REM

Question 30

Bremmer's isolations

Answer 30

cut below medulla - expected, SLEEP NOT DUE TO LACK OF INPUT Midbrain transection- constant SWS, REM lower than midbrain.

Question 31

Current theorist say REM dream content is from

Answer 31

recent activity

Question 32

Theory: Restorative

Answer 32

Growth hormone during stages 3 and 4, gets rid of waste Weak support, active people don't need more sleep

Question 33

Theory: Conservation

Answer 33

SWS, use less energy when sleep | REM doesn't

Question 34

Rhythms that occur 1+ x per day (ex: eating)

Answer 34

Ultradian

Question 35

Rhythms that occur less than 1x per day (ex: going to biopsych)

Answer 35

Infradian

Question 36

Erb Zucker's experiment

Answer 36

Activity wheel on tracker No light cues, cycle stays, but shifts a bit earlier Where?: SCN Evidence? 1. Lesions = random cycling 2. SCN in cell culture- vasopression release follows cycle 3. Tau gene rats- shorter cycles, animals match free running activity of donor SCN. Even if surrounded by polymer. 4. Squirrel monkey recordings

Question 37

How does the SCN get light info

Answer 37

Retinohypothalamic pathway | Retina goes to lateral geniculate nucleus, second projection to V1

Question 38

TEST QUESTION: Cut off retina to SCN, can you entrain light?

Answer 38

No light entrainment, rhythm stays but is free running

Question 39

TEST QUESTION: Cut off geniculate/V1, can you still entrain light?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

Retinal ganglion cell's special pigment

Answer 40

melanopsin, most sensitive to blue light

Question 41

Pathway of SCN making rhythm

Answer 41

1. Clock/cycle (aka Bmal1) make heterodimer 2. Bind to promoters to genes per and cry 3. Proteins Per and Cry 4. Per and Cry come together (dimerize) 5. Dimer inhibits gene expression 6. Proteins naturally degraded by enzymes How is cycle entrained to light? Glutamate from retinal hypothalamic pathway that activates per production. Block Glutamate, free running.

Question 42

How does SCN work if all cells different?

Answer 42

Electrical synapses between cells

Question 43

KO Clock gene

Answer 43

Still normal rhythm with light, so either homodimer regulates it, or in it's absence, glutamate can make up for it. Rhythm with light cues, but not without?

Question 44

___ is replenished during sleep | ___ low during sleep, peaks midday

Answer 44

Cortisol Potassium (Alertness low during sleep)

Question 45

__ spikes during SWS | __ has huge drop during sleep

Answer 45

Growth hormone | Temp

Question 46

Discussion Circannual rhythm

Answer 46

Siberian hamster- change color for winter, due to light not just temp. Not SCN, but don't know what thanks to Dr. Coloumbo