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Biology 1113 > exam 1 (ch 1, 3, 5) > Flashcards

exam 1 (ch 1, 3, 5) Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

New properties arise at each level of organization, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

A

Emergent Properties

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2
Q

All life on Earth in all the place that life exists

A

Biosphere

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3
Q

Living and non-living components of an area

A

Ecosystem

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4
Q

All species in an area (plants, animals, decomposers, etc…)

A

Community

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5
Q

All the living organisms of one species in a particular area

A

Population

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6
Q

One organism

A

Individual

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7
Q

What is the hierarchy of life?

A

atoms>molecules>organelles>cells>tissues>organs>organ system>individual organism

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8
Q

All cells use this to code their genetic information (carries the genetic information), a double helix (a long, twisted molecule consisting of two chains of nucleotides), All living things have the same 4 types of nucleotides- same sequences of nucleotides code for all the proteins of all organisms

A

DNA

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9
Q

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types have what 3 things?

A

cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

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10
Q

Prokaryotic, small cells, circular DNA, no nucleus

A

Domain Archaea and Bacteria

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11
Q

Eukaryotic, large cells/multicellular, DNA in strands, has a nucleus

A

Domain Eukarya

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12
Q

Organisms adapted to their environments over many generations

A

Diversity of Life

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13
Q

All life comes from a single source (or a small number of sources)

A

Unity of Life

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14
Q

DNA codes for what?

A

Proteins

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15
Q

All cells are enclosed by ?? that regulates what enters and exits the cell

A

Membrane

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16
Q
  1. All living things are made up of cells
  2. The cell is structural and functional unit of all living things
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division (spontaneous generation does not occur)
  4. Cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during division
  5. All energy flow occurs within cells
  6. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition
A

Cell Theory

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17
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Grows
  2. Reproduces
  3. Responds to its environment
  4. Responds to its internal environment
  5. Has DNA
  6. Is composed of cells
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18
Q

Shares one pair of electrons

A

Single Covalent Bonds

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19
Q

Sharing of electrons; strong, can be polar or nonpolar

A

Covalent Bonds

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20
Q

Shares two pairs of electrons

A

Double Covalent Bonds

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21
Q

Transfers electrons; electrical attraction between opposite charges, strong

A

Ionic Bonds

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22
Q

An atom that has gained or lost electrons

A

Ion

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23
Q

Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of the polar molecule, weak

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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24
Q

Electrically neutral

A

Nonpolar

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25
Has a positive and negative side
Polar
26
The water molecules stick to each other, water has surface tension
Cohesion
27
Sticks to certain other materials, examples: wall of plant veins, adhesive tape
Adhesion
28
The dissolving liquid in greatest abundance in the solution, what dissolves other things
Solvent
29
The substance that is dissolved, example: sugar when in water
Solute
30
Dissolves polar or ionic solutes
Polar Solvents
31
Dissolves non polar solutes
Nonpolar Solvents
32
?? of water molecules surrounds each ion in a solution
Hydration Shell
33
Water loving
Hydrophilic
34
Water hating
Hydrophobic
35
Do not dissolve in water
Nonpolar Substances
36
What disrupts the equality of hydroxide and hydrogen ions
Acids and Bases
37
What happens to the hydrogen concentration by accepting H ions when a strong base is dissolved in water
Lowers
38
When a strong acid is dissolved in water, what adds more ions and disrupts the equality
Hydrogen
39
Measures the H+ ion concentration in solution, measures the acidity in the solution
pH
40
pH=7
neutral
41
pH= below 7
acidic
42
pH= above 7
basic
43
Occurs when blood pH <7.35 (normal pH=4)
Acidosis
44
Chemicals that can regulate pH change by taking up or adding H+ ions as needed; weak acids/bases
Buffers
45
Buffers soak up excess ?? in acidic conditions and donate ?? in basic solutions
hydrogen, hydrogen
46
Chemical energy in cells; energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond; replenished by oxidation of food fuels
Adenine Triphosphate (ATP)
47
Cytosine>guanine (and vice versa) Adenine>uracil thymine>adenine
DNA>RNA
48
Cytosine> Guanine, Adenine>Thymine
DNA>DNA
49
A single-stranded nucleic acid; the bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil (u replaces t); the sugar is ribose
RNA
50
A segment of a DNA molecule
Gene
51
Double stranded, sugar is deoxyribose, hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs, a>g, c>t, found in nucleus, strands are antiparallel
DNA
52
What is the polymer of nucleic acids?
Nucleic Acids
53
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
54
Carries out genetic information; DNA and RNA; 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) phosphate group; nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine); DNA>RNA>Protein
Nucleic Acids
55
1. Catalyze/speed up reactions 2. Movement 3. Defense- antibodies and clotting proteins 4. Structural- part of cell membrane 5. Receptor proteins- molecule identification 6. Energy storage- storage of amino acids 7. Signals- hormones (coordination of organism's hormones)
Functions of Proteins
56
Change in secondary, tertiary, or quarternary structure (primary structure unchanged) - Reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperature - Irreversibly denatured proteins cannot refold and are formed by extreme pH or extreme temperature changes
Protein Denaturation
57
Assist proteins in folding into proper shape by keeping them in a proper chemical environment
Chaperonin Proteins
58
Occurs in proteins formed of 2 or more peptide solutions
Quarternary Structure
59
Interactions between the hydrophobic side chains
Van der Waals
60
Hydrophobic side groups are sequestered on the interior of the molecule
Hydrophobic Interactions
61
Stabilized by interactions between the R groups and between the R groups and water
Tertiary Structure
62
The order of amino acids
Primary Structure

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

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