Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1113 > exam 3 (chapter 17, 18) > Flashcards

exam 3 (chapter 17, 18) Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

DNA>RNA (nucleotide>nucleotide)

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RNA>protein (nucleotide>amino acid)

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The process by which we turn DNA into phenotypes (what we physically look like)

A

Gene Expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The one DNA molecule transcribed into RNA

A

Template Strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pries two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template

  • Assembles RNA nucleotides in the 5’>3’ direction
  • Does not need a primer
A

RNA Polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches

  • Indicates which DNA strand is to be copied
  • Not transcribed
A

Promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription, is transcribed

A

Termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Only the area of one gene (or a few genes) is copied
  • Highly selective
  • **Only the genes currently needed are copied
  • No primer needed
A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The entire DNA molecule is copied, always essentially the same, requires a primer

A

DNA Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Produces mRNA, transcription and translation take place simultaneously

A

Prokaryotic Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Produce pre-mRNA, it is extensively modified to become mRNA before leaving the nucleus

A

Eukaryotic Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mRNA removed before translation

A

Introns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Remaining mRNA to be used during translation

A

Exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The process of removing introns in the nucleus

A

RNA Splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Consists of snRNP subunits; binds to pre-mRNA at multiple sites along the intron, snip the intron, and join the exons

A

Spliceosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; composed of snRNA and proteins, recognize introns

A

snRNPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A ribozyme, a catalyst that is a RNA molecule, not an enzyme (protein)

A

snRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Messenger RNA; carries the codon from the DNA to the ribosome

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transfer RNA; brings amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ribosomal RNA; component of ribosome, most abundant RNA

A

rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Structural components of spliceosomes when removing introns from eukaryotic pre-mRNA

A

sRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The messenger RNA nucleotide triplets

A

Codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Consists of rRNA and proteins organized into 2 subunits

A

Ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Contains a mRNA binding site

A

Small Subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lines up the tRNA
Large Subunit
26
Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
P-site (peptide tRNA)
27
Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid
A-site (aminoacyl tRNA)
28
Discharges tRNA
E-site (exit site)
29
Change in a single nucleotide (1 letter changed) | example: sickle cell disease
Point Mutation
30
Point mutation in the third base pair of a codon that does not change the amino acid
Silent Point Mutation
31
Point mutation that does change the amino acid
Missense Point Mutation
32
Point mutation that replaces an amino acid with a stop codon
Nonsense Point Mutation
33
Additions of one or more nucleotides in a gene
Insertions
34
Deleting of one or more nucleotides in a gene
Deletions
35
Errors during replication | **1 nucleotid in 10,000,000,000
Spontaneous Mutations
36
Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
Mutagen
37
What are 3 examples of mutagens?
X-rays, UV light, carcinogens
38
Insertions or deletions of 1 or 2 nucleotides in a shift in the reading frame
Frameshift Mutations
39
The switch on the DNA that allows transcription to occur
Operator
40
The operator, promotor, and the gene to be transcribed (entire set of DNA necessary)
Operon
41
Binds to the operator and blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promotor
Repressor
42
Codes for repressors; can have their own promotor, located outside the operon, must be activated by a corepressor
Regulatory Gene
43
Transcription is usually on, but can be inhibited; repressor normally unbound, corepressor needed in order for repressor to bind to the operator
Repressible Operon
44
Transcription is usually turned off, but can be stimulated; repressor normally bound to the operator, induced required to inactivate the repressor so transcription can occur
Inducible Operon
45
Synthesis repressed by a chemical signal (product of repressible operons; generally function in anabolic pathways, which synthesize essential end products from raw materials (dehydration synthesis)
Repressible Enzymes
46
Synthesis induced by a chemical signal (product of inducible operons), generally function in catabolic pathways which break down nutrients into simpler molecules (hydrolysis)
Inducible Enzymes
47
All cells contain the same DNA but what is expressed varies by cell type
Differential Gene Expression
48
Regulation occurs during a) Chromatin modification b) Transcription c) RNA processing d) mRNA degradation e) Initiation of Translation f) Protein processing
Stages of Gene Expression
49
Adding acetyl groups
Acetylation
50
Removing acetyl groups
Deacetylation
51
Without acetyl groups, the histones attach to each other and transcription is ??
prohibited
52
With acetyl groups, the DNA is exposed, allowing ??
Transcription
53
Chromatin includes DNA and proteins -Proteins called histones Histones have tails that can be modified
Chromatin Modification
54
Inheritance of traits not directly involving the DNA
Epigenetic Inheritance
55
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects the transcription of specific genes
Transcription Factors
56
Control elements close to the promoter
Proximal Control Elements
57
Control elements distant from the promotor (1000s of nucleotides away)
Distal Control Elements
58
Transcription factors **RNA polymerase requires the assistance of transcription factors to initiate transcription (some transcription factors are required in all protein-coding genes) Transcription initiation complex includes RNA polymerase and transcription factors DNA segment bends to put activators close to the promoter **Done via DNA bending proteins **When in contact, forms the transcription initiation complex
Transcription Factors
59
A segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates
Enhancer
60
A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription
Activator
61
How does coordinated transcription occur in eukaryotes?
They have similar control elements, such as hormones
62
- Prevent attachment of ribosomes - Initiation of translation can be suspended for all mRNA at the same time * In eggs, until fertilization * In seeds * In plants, during periods of darkness
Initiation of Translation
63
Proteins have to undergo chemical modification to activate them, lifespan of proteins regulated
Protein Processing
64
A protein that binds to other proteins to mark them for degradation
Ubiquitin
65
Eukaryotes-- DNA far from the gene
Enhancer
66
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
67
Where does translation occur?
Ribosomes
68
An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
69
A codon at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
Anticodon
70
Signals the start of translation, AUG
Start Codon
71
Signals translation to stop; UAG, UAA, UGA
Stop Codon
72
Proteins have to undergo chemical modification to activate them
Protein Processing
73
Bacterial mRNA typically degraded with ??
a few minutes
74
Eukaryotic mRNA survives for
hours, days, or weeks

Biology 1113 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions