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Microbiology > Exam 1 - Ch. 14 - Infection, Infectous Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch. 14 - Infection, Infectous Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

Name two synonyms for normal microbiota.

A

Normal flora

Indigenous microbiota

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2
Q

Sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonized by normal flora.

A

axenic

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3
Q

How/when do people acquire most of their resident microbiota.

A

During birthing process and established during first months of life.

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4
Q

Normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances.

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

Site where pathogens live until they can infect a new host.

A

Reservoir of infection

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6
Q

What is the name for a disease naturally spread from animals to humans.

A

zoonoses

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7
Q

Animal reservoir for malaria.

A

monkey

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8
Q

Animal reservoir for toxoplasmosis.

A

cat

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9
Q

Animal reservoir for anthrax

A

cow

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10
Q

Animal reservoir for bubonic plague.

A

rat

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11
Q

Animal reservoir for Lyme disease.

A

deer

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12
Q

Animal reservoir for rabies.

A

bats

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13
Q

Animal reservoir for yellow fever.

A

monkey

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14
Q

Individuals that develop illness

A

case

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15
Q

Infected individual that are asymptomatic but infective to others.

A

carrier

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16
Q

Used to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease

A

isolation

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17
Q

Used to separate and restrict movement of well persons who may have been exposed to a communicable disease.

A

quarantine

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18
Q

How do soil, water, and food often become reservoirs of infection?

A

Presence of microorganisms often due to contamination by feces or urine.

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19
Q

The mere presence of microbes in or on the body

A

contamination

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20
Q

When organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body. MAY OR MAY NOT RESULT IN DISEASE.

A

infection

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21
Q

What are the 3 major portals of entry into the body (sites through which pathogens enter)?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
placenta

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22
Q

What is the most common portal of entry?

A

Respiratory tract

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23
Q

A puncture wound or injection which deposits organisms directly into the tissues is not a true portal of entry, but a way to cheat or bypass the need for a portal of entry. What is this called?

A

Parenteral route

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24
Q

The ability of a substance to stimulate the production of antibodies or cell-mediated immune responses.

A

antigenicity

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25
Results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions (aka morbidity)
disease
26
The invasion of the host by a pathogen.
infection
27
Ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
pathogenicity
28
Degree of pathogenicity (how easily is it for the organism to cause disease).
virulence
29
Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others.
sign
30
Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient.
symptom
31
Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition.
syndrome
32
fever
sign
33
vomiting
sign
34
headache
symptom
35
swelling
sign
36
nausea
symptom
37
redness
sign
38
Organisms that colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease.
Normal microbiota
39
Remain a part of normal microbiota of a person for life.
Resident microbiota
40
Remain in body for a few hours, days, months before disappearing.
Transient microbiota
41
5 areas that are axenic
``` alveoli of lungs CNS Circulatory system Upper urogenital regions uterus ```
42
Conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic pathogens.
Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in body. Immune suppression Changes in the normal microbiota
43
What are three types of reservoirs?
Animal reservoirs Human carriers nonliving reservoirs
44
Which is usually considered a dead-end hosts?
humans
45
3 ways of acquiring zoonoses
Direct contact with animal or its waste Eating animals Bloodsucking arthropods
46
What 3 things are types of non-living reservoirs?
Soil, water, food.
47
Carcino-
cancer
48
col-, colo-
colon
49
dermato-
skin
50
-emia
Pertaining to the blood
51
Endo-
inside
52
-gen, gen-
give rise to
53
hepat-
liver
54
Idio-
unkown
55
-itis
Inflammation of a structure
56
-oma
Tumor or swelling
57
-osis
Condition of
58
-patho, patho-
abnormal
59
septi-
Literally, rotting; refers to presence of pathogens
60
terato-
defects
61
tox-
poison
62
What are the 3 components of the Triad/Triangle of health?
Agent Host environment
63
Which component of the Triad/Triangle of Health is microbiology focusing on?
agent
64
What is the name of the virulence factor that allows organisms to attach to a host and/or to each other to cause disease?
Adhesion factors
65
What is the name of the virulence factor that is secreted by pathogenic organisms to dissolve/break down tissues in the body?
Extracellular enzymes
66
What is the name of the virulence factor that harms tissues or triggers an immune response in the host and causes damage to the host?
toxins
67
What is the name of the virulence factor that allows pathogenic organisms to prevent phagocytosis by the host's cells?
antiphagocytic factors
68
What are the 5 stages of infectious disease in order?
``` Incubation period Prodromal period Illness Decline Convalescence ```
69
Which stage of infectious disease is MOST severe?
Illness
70
How do pathogens usually leave the body?
``` Bodily secretions Blood Vaginal secretions Breast milk Bodily wastes ```
71
Pathogens leave the body though many of the same opening as the portals of entry. What do we call the openings when a pathogen is leaving?
Portals of exit
72
Period between infection and first symptoms
Incubation period
73
Short period of generalized, mild symptoms
Prodromal period
74
Signs/symptoms most evident
illness
75
Immune response/treatment vanquish pathogens, body slowly returns to normal
decline
76
Patient recovers from illness, tissues repaired and returned to normal
convalescence
77
When bacterial pathogens attach to each other they form what?
A biofilm
78
What extracellular enzymes are secreted by a pathogen to break down tissue and allow bacteria to penetrate deeper?
hyaluronidase and collagenase
79
Two types of toxins (virulence factors)
exotoxins and endotoxins
80
Example of an exotoxins.
cytotoxin, neurotoxin, enterotoxin
81
Examples of endotoxin
Lipid A
82
What are the 5 modes of transmission?
``` Contact transmission Vehicle transmission Vector transmission Airborne Perinatal ```
83
Inanimate object involved in indirect transmission.
Fomite
84
Animals that carry pathogens are called
Arthropod vectors
85
Only carry the pathogen.
Mechanical vectors
86
serve as host for pathogen.
Biological vectors
87
What two classes of arthropods have disease vectors?
Arachnids | insects
88
Type of arthropod with four pairs of legs. (ex: tick and mites)
arachnids
89
What are the most important arachnid vectors?
ticks
90
Are spiders a part of the arachnid vectors?
NO
91
Arthropods that have three pairs of legs and three body regions.
Insects: fleas, lice, flies, mosquitoes, kissing bugs
92
What are the most important insect vector?
mosquitoes
93
Which is most important and common of ALL vectors?
mosquitos
94
Number or NEW CASES of a disease in a given area during a given period of time.
incidence
95
Number of TOTAL CASES of a disease in a given area during a given period of time.
Prevalence
96
Incidence is associated with?
RISK
97
Prevalence is associated with?
Total + chronicity
98
Disease that normally occurs at regular intervals at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area.
Endemic
99
Only a few scattered cases within an area or population.
Sporadic
100
Occurs at a greater frequency than is usual for and area or population.
Epidemic
101
An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than on continent.
pandemic
102
Recent Ebola was a what?
pandemic
103
Careful tabulation of data concerning a disease (record location and time of the cases of disease and collect patient information)
Descriptive epidemiology
104
What is the first case of the disease called?
Index case
105
Infections acquired in health-care setting (patients or employees)
Nosocomial infections
106
Pathogen acquired from the HC environment.
exogenous
107
Pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors in the HC setting
Endogenous
108
Results from modern medical procedure.
latrogenic
109
What percentage of Americans acquire Nosocomial infections annually?
10%
110
What is the most effective way to reduce Nosocomial infections?
hand washing
111
Doctors, clinics, and hospitals send info to whom?
The local health department
112
The local health department sends info to whom?
State health department
113
The state health department sends info where?
CDC
114
State health department sends reports every ____ to the local health department.
month
115
The CDC sends reports every _____ to the state health department.
weekly

Microbiology (12 decks)

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