Exam 1 - Ch. 9 - Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment.

Question 1

Removal or destruction of ALL microbes, including viruses and bacterial endspores, in or on an object.

Answer 1

sterilization

Question 2

An environment or procedure that is free of contamination by pathogens.

Answer 2

aseptic

Question 3

Us of physical or chemical agents known as disinfectants to inhibit or destroy microorganisms.

Answer 3

disinfection

Question 4

Does disinfection guarantee that ALL pathogens are eliminated?

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

In microbial control, when a chemical is used on skin or other tissue, the process in known as ____?

Answer 5

antisepsis

Question 6

The chemical used on the skin to control microbes is called what?

Answer 6

antiseptic

Question 7

Removal of microbes from a surface by scrubbing.

Answer 7

Degerming

Question 8

Process of disinfecting places and utensils used by the public to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes to meet accepted health standards.

Answer 8

Sanitization

Question 9

Use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.

Answer 9

Pasteurization

Question 10

Suffixes to indicate that a chemical or physical agent inhibits microbial metabolism and growth.

Answer 10

-stasis, -static

Question 11

Suffix that refers to agents that destroy of permanently inactivate a particular type of microbe.

Answer 11

-cide, -cidal

Question 12

Permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environmental conditions.

Answer 12

Microbial death

Question 13

Measurement of efficacy of an antimicrobial agent.

Answer 13

Microbial death rate

Question 14

Tow main categories of actions of antimicrobial agents

Answer 14

Alteration of cell walls and membranes.

Damage to proteins and nucleic acids.

Question 15

What two factors affect the efficacy of antimicrobial methods.

Answer 15

Site to be treated.

Relative susceptibility of microorganisms.

Question 16

Which organisms are harder to kill?

Answer 16

Prisons, endospores

Question 17

Which organisms are easiest to kill - least resistant?

Answer 17

Gram + bacteria.

Question 18

Which gram bacteria is more resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 18

Gram (-)

Question 19

Why are Gram (-) more resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 19

Has a thinner phospholipids but has two of them and have more R plasmids

Question 20

Is moist heat more effective than dry heat in controlling microbes?

Answer 20

YES

Question 21

What are the methods of moist heat in microbial control?

Answer 21

Boiling
Autoclaving
Pasteurization
Ultra-high temperature sterilization

Question 22

What is important when using boiling for microbial control?

Answer 22

Boiling time is critical

Question 23

What can survive boiling?

Answer 23

Endospores, prions, protozoan cysts, and some viruses.

Question 24

What is autoclaving?

Answer 24

Pressure applied, prevents steam from escaping.

Question 25

Is pasteurization sterilization?

Answer 25

NO

Question 26

What is the ultimate means of sterilization?

Answer 26

Incineration

Question 27

Does dry heat require higher temperature and longer times than moist heat?

Answer 27

YES

Question 28

What type of microbes can multiply in refrigerated foods?

Answer 28

Psychrophilic microbes

Question 29

Method of microbial control that decreases microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

Answer 29

Refrigeration and freezing.

Question 30

What are notable exceptions to the refrigeration method?

Answer 30

Listeria, yersinia

Question 31

What is it called when using drying to inhibit growth due to removal of water?

Answer 31

dessication

Question 32

What is used for long-term preservation of microbial cultures?

Answer 32

lyophilization (freeze drying)

Question 33

Lyophilization prevents formation of what?

Answer 33

Ice crystals

Question 34

Passage of a fluid through a sieve designed to trap particles and separate them from the fluid.

Answer 34

filtration

Question 35

High concentrations of salt or sugar in food to inhibit growth of microbes.

Answer 35

Osmotic pressure

Question 36

What have a greater ability to survive hypertonic solutions than bacteria?

Answer 36

fungi

Question 37

What are two types of ionizing radiation used in control of microbes?

Answer 37

electron beams and | Gamma rays

Question 38

Ionizing radiation that is effective at killing but does not penetrate well.

Answer 38

Electron beams

Question 39

Ionizing radiation that penetrates well but requires hours to kill microbes.

Answer 39

Gamma rays

Question 40

Non - ionizing radiation that does not penetrate well.

Answer 40

UV light

Question 41

What is nonionizing radiation suitable for?

Answer 41

Disinfecting air, Transparent fluids Surface of objects

Question 42

Lysol and pine-sol are what types of chemical methods of microbial control?

Answer 42

Phenol and phenolic

Question 43

Phenol and phenolics have a disagreeable ____ and are _____ to _____ disinfectants.

Answer 43

Odor Intermediate Low-level

Question 44

Intermediate level disinfectant (chemical) that is more effective than soap. Example: rubbing alcohol, ethanol.

Answer 44

alcohols

Question 45

Chemical disinfectant. Intermediate level using iodine, chlorine, bromine, fluorine.

Answer 45

Halogens

Question 46

Examples of Halogens.

Answer 46

Bleach, iodophores (betadine), chlorine

Question 47

What halogen is used in preparation for surgery?

Answer 47

Betadine (iodophor)

Question 48

High level disinfectants. Ex: peroxides, ozone, peracetic acid.

Answer 48

Oxidizing agents

Question 49

Why do you not want to use hydrogen peroxide for wound care?

Answer 49

It is cytotoxic to health cells and granulating tissues.

Question 50

What to use to clean wounds?

Answer 50

Normal saline | Commercial wound cleanser

Question 51

Why use saline for wound cleaning?

Answer 51

It is physiologic and will always be safe.

Question 52

Soaps and detergents are an example of what kind of chemical microbial control?

Answer 52

surfactants

Question 53

What do you want to use on your tables in the office?

Answer 53

QUATS - quaternary ammonium compounds

Question 54

Are soaps antimicrobial?

Answer 54

No, but good for degerming..

Question 55

How many wipe should you use to clean tables?

Answer 55

Enough to visibly wet for four minutes

Question 56

What are low level bacteriostatic and fungistatic agents?

Answer 56

Heavy metals

Question 57

What causes blindness in babies?

Answer 57

N. gonorrheoaea

Question 58

What did they used to prevent blindness in babies?

Answer 58

1% silver nitrate

Question 59

What was used in vaccines but replaced in 1999.

Answer 59

Thimerosal

Question 60

Compounds containing terminal -CHO groups in chemical methods of microbial control.

Answer 60

aldehydes

Question 61

What is used in embalming?

Answer 61

Formalin - formaldehyde + water

Question 62

What aldehyde is used to disinfect and sterilize labs, hospitals, and dental offices?

Answer 62

Glutaraldehyde

Question 63

What are some gaseous agents used in closed chambers to sterilize items?

Answer 63

Ethylene oxide

Question 64

Where is ethylene oxide used?

Answer 64

Dental offices and hospitals

Question 65

What are disadvantages of gaseous agents?

Answer 65

Can be hazardous to people Often highly explosive Extremely poisonous Potentially carcinogenic

Question 66

Enzymes that act against microorganisms are called?

Answer 66

Antimicrobial enzymes

Question 67

Example of a antimicrobial enzyme.

Answer 67

lysozyme and prionzyme

Question 68

What is used to reduce the number of bacteria in cheese?

Answer 68

lysozyme

Question 69

What are typically used for treatment of disease. Ex: antibiotics

Answer 69

Antimicrobials

Question 70

Antimicrobial soaps should be reserved for limited applications:

Answer 70

Handling food | care of newborns and high-risk patients by healthcare workers

Question 71

CDC recommends washing hand in soap for how long?

Answer 71

10-15 seconds

Question 72

Which ingredient do you want to avoid in antibacterial soaps?

Answer 72

triclosan

Question 73

What is a good method to use when you don't want to use chemicals?

Answer 73

Steam cleaners

Question 74

How do steam cleaners work?

Answer 74

Heating up water to temperatures of about 248 degrees F- kills about 99% of bacteria, viruses, mold, and household dust mites.