Exam 1- Chs 1-6

Question 1

The study of diverse groups of microorganisms, mostly protests, fungi, bacteria and viruses

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

the organisms that are too small to see with the human eye, and can been seen under microscopes. They are made up of prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Microorganism

Question 3

Disease causing bacteria

Answer 3

Pathogen

Question 4

Prokaryotes, that have a peptidoglycan wall, use binary fusion, use light and carbon dioxide for energy

Answer 4

Bacteria

Question 5

Prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments

Answer 5

Archaea

Question 6

eukaryotes that have chitin in their cell walls, use organic chemicals for energy, molds, mushrooms and yeast

Answer 6

Fungi

Question 7

eukaryotes absorb or ingest organic chemicals, can be motile with flagella

Answer 7

Protozoa

Question 8

eukaryotes, cellulose cell walls, use photosynthesis for energy, produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds.

Answer 8

Algae

Question 9

Acellular, consist of DNA and RNA, core surrounded by a protein coat, can be contained by a lipid envelope. Only can live on a host, cant live alone.

Answer 9

Viruses

Question 10

Eukaryotes, multicellular animals, the flatworms and round worms are called helmiths.

Answer 10

Multicellular animal parasites (helminthes)-

Question 11

was the first to observe cells under a microscope and give them their name, on a cork

Answer 11

Hooke

Question 12

was the first to observe living cells that were moving around in things like rain water and lake water

Answer 12

Luewenhoek

Question 13

advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever

Answer 13

Semmelweis

Question 14

used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

Answer 14

Lister

Question 15

Determined the cause of cholera transmission in London

Answer 15

Snow

Question 16

Showed mircobes are responsible for fermentation, and also the spoilage of food. He invented pasteurization

Answer 16

Pasteur

Question 17

proved that bacteria causes anthrax, which lead to Koch’s postulates that proves a specific microbe causes a specific disease, also went from using gelatin to using agar plates

Answer 17

Koch

Question 18

made the antibiotic penicillin that killed staph

Answer 18

Flemming

Question 19

largest and most diverse group, mostly gram-negative

Answer 19

Proteobacteria

Question 20

gram-positive, soil organisms.

Answer 20

Actinobacteria

Question 21

gram-positive, unicellular, filamentous, or colonial forms

Answer 21

Cyanobacteria

Question 22

gram-positive unique coil-like cell body

Answer 22

Spirochaetes

Question 23

prokaryotic rod shaped cell

Answer 23

Bacilli

Question 24

bacterial spherical cell

Answer 24

Coccus

Question 25

bacteria can be vibrios (common shaped) or spirilla (helical) or spirochete

Answer 25

Spiral

Question 26

outside of cell wall, made of chains of flagellin

Answer 26

Flagella

Question 27

outside of cell wall, sticky capsule, neatly organized

Answer 27

Glycocalyx

Question 28

what the bacterial cell wall is made of

Answer 28

Peptidoglycan

Question 29

a space bordered by two selective permeable barriers

Answer 29

Periplasmic space

Question 30

found in Gram-negative bacteria. Its composition is distinct from that of the cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 30

outer membrane

Question 31

prevents phagocytosis

Answer 31

glycocalyx

Question 32

facilitate the transfer of DNA

Answer 32

pilli

Question 33

Identify the major functions of the cell wall of prokaryotes

Answer 33

Prevents Osmotic Lysis

Question 34

Is this description Gram + or Gram - Thick peptidoglycan Teichoic acids

Answer 34

Gram +

Question 35

Is this description Gram + or Gram - Thin peptidoglycan Outermembrane contains periplasmic space

Answer 35

Gram -

Question 36

irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material

Answer 36

Nucleoid

Question 37

small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell.

Answer 37

Plasmid

Question 38

How do bacteria reproduce

Answer 38

Binary Fission

Question 39

bacteria that grow in cold temperatures.

Answer 39

psychrophile

Question 40

live at the in between temperatures

Answer 40

mesophile

Question 41

live in hot temperatures

Answer 41

Termophile

Question 42

requires oxygen to grow

Answer 42

Obligate aerobe

Question 43

requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere

Answer 43

microaerophile

Question 44

not effected by oxygen at all

Answer 44

aerotolerant anaerobe

Question 45

bacteria that gather at the bottom of test tube

Answer 45

obligate anaerobe

Question 46

bacteria that gather at the top of the test tube

Answer 46

facultative

Question 47

extracts and digests of yeast, meat, plants, nutrient broth or agar

Answer 47

complex media

Question 48

suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes

Answer 48

Selective Media

Question 49

alpha, beta, and gamma easy to distinguish in deferential media

Answer 49

differential media

Question 50

encourages growth of microbes

Answer 50

enriched media

Question 51

Cell elongates, DNA is replicated. Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to constrict. Crosswall forms, completely separating 2 DNA copies. Cells separate

Answer 51

Four phases of bacteria growth

Question 52

Explain how the plate count method works to enumerate (count) bacterial growth

Answer 52

the culture is diluted which then makes it easier to count

Question 53

____ is used as an energy source in exergonic and endogonic reactions

Answer 53

ATP

Question 54

This type of respiration requires energy to produce ATP

Answer 54

aerobic respiration

Question 55

This type of respiration doesn't require energy to produce ATP

Answer 55

anaerobic respiration

Question 56

converts sugar to acids, gases and/or alcohol using yeast or bacteria.

Answer 56

Fermentation

Question 57

_______ staining helps to distinguish between different bacteria, it can be a gram stain or an acid-fast stain

Answer 57

Differential

Question 58

A Negative stain technique uses ____ dye, which is repelled by cell walls leaving clear cells on a dark background

Answer 58

acidic

Question 59

A simple stain involves flooding a prepared specimen with ___ dye

Answer 59

basic

Question 60

_______ have more advanced systems with true membrane bound oragnaelles, a nucleus, and cilia and flagella

Answer 60

Eukaryotes

Question 61

Large molecules are broken down through ______, you add water to break down monomers

Answer 61

hydrolysis

Question 62

are bonds where polar molecules in which H is bound to highly EN atoms

Answer 62

Hydrogen

Question 63

The four most important elements of life are

Answer 63

Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen Carbon

Question 64

_____ Postulates demonstrated germ theory by taking a sample of the isolated bacteria that he thought killed an animal and put it directly into a mouse, and it also killed the mouse

Answer 64

Koch

Question 65

_____ Demonstrated the concept of vaccination by getting a boy sick of cow pox and then cured it with vaccines.

Answer 65

Jenner

Question 66

They hypothesis that the living organisms arise from pre-existing things

Answer 66

Biogenesis

Question 67

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving manner, a vital force forms life.

Answer 67

Spontaneous Generation

Question 68

______ discrete this idea of spontaneous generation and used an experiment of using nutrient broth. It was refuted because microbes didn’t grow when the containers were closed.

Answer 68

Louis Pasteur

Question 69

______ had the idea that maggots came from spontaneous generation, meaning that nothing started the generation of maggots, it happened spontaneously.

Answer 69

Francis Redi

Question 70

the study of bacteria

Answer 70

Bacteriology

Question 71

Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that kill other microbes

Answer 71

Antibiotic

Question 72

the theory that specific microbes cause specific disease

Answer 72

Germ Theory

Question 73

resulting in infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism

Answer 73

Infectious Disease

Question 74

a visible growth of microorganisms

Answer 74

Colony

Question 75

a process of heating a food, which is usually a liquid, to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat. This process slows spoilage caused by microbial growth in the food.

Answer 75

Pasteurization

Question 76

a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease

Answer 76

Vaccine

Question 76

Large molecules are made through ______ , by taking water away

Answer 76

dehydration

Question 76

a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts

Answer 76

Binomal name-

Question 76

a modeling method used for categorizing species using logical choices

Answer 76

Dichotomous key

Question 76

compound microscope combined with a filar micrometer

Answer 76

Mircometer

Question 76

process of enlarging something in only appearance

Answer 76

Magnification

Question 76

produce spate images of closely placed objects

Answer 76

Resolving Power

Question 76

the difference between the specimen and its background

Answer 76

Contrast

Question 76

_______ cells are cells that are not as advanced, they lack membrane bound organelles, a true cytoskeleton as well as structurally having different flagella and they lack cilia.

Answer 76

Prokaryotic