Exam 1 Contd Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 1. …: birth - 2 yrs of age
2major sub phases (birth - 9 months; 9 months - 2 years)
A
sensory motor
2
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development)
1st subphase of sensory motor:
…: no logical thought
absence of ..: limited receptive and expressive language
no …
dominated by … actions
A
prelogical state; language; object permanence; reflex
3
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 2nd subphase of sensory motor stage:
transition from child of …t o child of …
… development: vocab of about 50 words in about 1.5 yrs
…: allows child to represent external world internally
increased … skills
object permanence
A
reflex; intentions;
language; schema formation; motor
4
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) piaget noticed that kids of the same age group make the same …, but these are different from kids of different ages: indicates that cognition occurs over a series of stages
A
kinds of mistakes
5
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 2. … –> 2 - 7 yrs of age
A
pre operational thought
6
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) pre-operational thought:
greater … and … language
greater … skills
greater ability to …/… information –> many errors though (e.g. all men are daddy, all women are mommy)
A
receptive; expressive;
motor
categorize/classify
7
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 3. …: 7-11 yrs of age
A
concrete operations
8
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) concrete operations:
greater …, … skills, etc.
greater ability to … and perform … thought –> all men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore, Socrates is moral
A
language; motor skills; classify; logical
9
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 3. concrete operations
mental activities now present:
…: mass, weight, volume all stay same
…: ability to put objects in order from large to small, small to large
…: ability to reverse thought
what is child not able to do? …
A
conservation
seriation
reversibility
abstract thought
10
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 4. …: 11-14/15 yrs of age
A
formal operations
11
Q
(piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development) 4. formal operations
all of the above, but now child can perform abstract thought:
… reasoning
…/…
ability to distinguish between … and …
A
deductive
hypothesizing; testing
fact; theory
12
Q
not everybody is able to attain abstract thought:
people used to think that that was a function of … ability, but that is not the case
some people view the world in a more … way and are still intelligent
A
intellectual; concrete
13
Q
language acquisition: 2 processes
… and ….
A
speech perception; language production
14
Q
speech perception: what is it?
system translates … into sounds that can be perceived as speech
to acquire language, we must be able to distinguish …
A
vibrations; differences between sounds
15
Q
…: babies suck on nipples that produces sound–>
what happens to rate of sucking? …, but then it …
this is a result of … and …
A
non-nutritive sucking technique; increases; decreases; habituation; dishabituation
16
Q
non-nutritive sucking technique contd:
what happens to rate of sucking if you introduce new sound? … why? significance?
this is due to …–> immediate increase in rate of …/…
A
increases; dishabituation; response; engagement
17
Q
babies can distinguish between … and … as early as 1 month
A
bah; pah
18
Q
language production
8 weeks: … –> can put baby to sleep and is soothing to him/her
3-4 months: …
9 months: beginning of …
8/9-14 months: … stage, …; learning to … and then …, etc
18-20 months: … stage and then … speech (2 words and an order) –> usually a …
A
cooing; babbling intentional speech one word; turn taking; listen; speak two word; telegraphic; command
19
Q
language in children: 18 months: … words 6 yrs old: … words ...: use of the word beyond the scope of the word itself …: restrictive use of the world
A
50; 14,000
overextensions
underextensions
20
Q
language in children:’
…: inappropriate application of grammatical rules for tenses and plurals
A
overregularization
21
Q
…: general rules of language
…: social roles of language –> learning that there are times when we can/can’t say things
A
syntax; pragmatics
22
Q
understanding spoken language:
..>: our attempt to understand what someone else is saying to us
…: tone, inflection, pitch–> nonverbal … that help give meaning to the spoken word
A
language comprehension; gestures; cues
23
Q
…: sentence that can have more than one meaning
A
ambiguous sentence
24
Q
…: person’s behavioral style of responding to the environment
…: strong emotional bond child forms with mother/primary caregiver
A
temperament; attachment
25
harlow's study on attachment: … mothers
two monkeys" one's a wire monkey, the other is a wire monkey but with 'warm, fuzzy' things on it--> baby monkey went to the ...
surrogate; warm fuzzy ones
26
... process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life
imprinting
27
(stages of attachment) …: 0-5 months--> comfortable with essentially everyone
indiscriminant
28
(stages of attachment) …: 5-10 months--> …: someone comes into baby's perceptual field and the baby is uncomfortable--> clings onto mom and stares at stranger
paradox: won't go to person, but they have baby's …
child is more fussy about who they're with
selective; stranger anxiety; attention
29
(stages of attachment) …: older than 10 months
| --> comfortable with being with many different people
multiple attachments;
30
...: developed as function of consistency of care that the child receives from the primary caregiver
attachment styles
31
(attachment styles) …: developed when child receives much love--> translates to greater levels of …, more …
faith and comfort in the world and in trusting yourself/others
secure; trust; optimistic
32
(attachment styles) …: if primary caregivers don't provide a lot of support/care/love/etc. this is acquired
have difficulty … to others
don't … very much
more prone to …, …, …, etc
often engage in promiscuous relationships because they equate … to …
avoidant; attaching; trust; jealousy; possessiveness; envious; sex; love
33
(attachment styles) …: parents that are sometimes consistent and other time's aren't
these pople want to attach, but when they get too close to someone else, they …
anxious ambivalent; withdraw
34
according to attachment theorists, your attachment styles are developed … and … they are …
early in life; do not change; fixed
35
deprivation of attachment:
animals- …, higher level of …, incapable of …
babies: …, …, …
adults: unloved become the ..--> abused/neglected kids have a higher rate of being abusive
frightened; aggression; mating;
| withdrawn; frightened; speechless; unloving
36
(day care and attachment) high quality: … and … staff
| low quality: … and … staff
warm; supportive
| boring; unresponsive
37
children in day care:
slight advances in … and …, but increased rates of … and ...
advances due to the fact that there are more levelsof …
aggression and defiance isn't necessarily bad; good for child to have their own …/...
language; thinking; aggression; defiance
engagement;
voice; will
38
father-child relationship:
growing change of focus: traditionally, … primary caregivers
moms: more …, provide toys, …, …, …, be careful etc
dads: more …, challenging, …, be daring, etc
women;
talking; comfort; reassure; safe harbor
stimulating activity; arousing physical play
39
role of the parents:
love, care, nurture, supportive:
impacts …--> trust vs. mistrust --> foundational
attachment style
40
```
authoritarian parents:
... rules
... transgressions
demand …
outcomes: … intellectual performance, … social skills
```
arbitrary
punish
obedience
lower; less
41
authoritative parents:
... but … goals--> attainable, allows child to experience … and …
… and …
encourage …--> child will be more comfortable going to parents to talk to them about things going on in their lives
high; realistic
success; failures
demanding; responsive
communication
42
authoritative parents contd:
establish … and … them --> explain whey they are in place; the rules are enforced consistently --> allows child to know what the boundaries are
warm, nurturant, supportive, responsive
outcomes: … self-esteem, … academic performance, … social competence, … self-reliance, … independence
rules; enforce;
| greater for everything at the end
43
permissive parents:
... rules; not consistently enforced
… control behavior
children will know that their … will get them what they want
outcomes: …, …, …, …, … self-reliance, … delinquent behavior
few; children; persistence
| immature; promiscuous sex; impulsive; dependent; less; more
44
other factors that impact socialization:
... relationships
.../…--> violence/aggression, shaping the child's view of the world
peer; television; media
45
...: collection of beliefs of who we think we are
| interests, talents, things good/bad at, strengths, weaknesses, traits/characteristics, etc
self concept
46
...: evaluations about self concept
self esteem
47
...: clear sense of who one is and think highly of who they are
...: less clear self-concept
high self esteem
| low self esteem
48
low self esteem:
establish … goals--> setting self up for failure, validates/reinforces self esteem
… about future
more adverse behavioral reactions to …/…
unrealistic; pessimistic; criticism; negative feedback
49
low self esteem contd:
...: recognizes and embraces the many different parts that you are--> the more things you are, the fewer adverse rxns you will have --> able to fall back on the other components of who you are when you fail in one arena
people that have low self-esteem tend to be … people, but they don't realize that
self complexity; nice
50
Margaret Mahler: … and …
attachment and separation
51
Mahler makes distinction between … children and … children
truly autistic; symbiotically psychotic
52
(Mahler) autistic children: no ability to use mother as …(experiencing world through mom) --> have difficulty … and with … dynamics
auxiliary ego; attaching; social
53
(Mahler) symbiotically psychotic children -- attachment is too …
where does mom end and i begin?
have ability to …/…, but they are too attached
…: relationships between two or more individuals that may/may not be to their benefit
accompanied by …, …, etc
no … development
```
fused;
attach; affiliate
symbiosis
anxiety issues; school phobia
individual
```
54
(Mahler) observes interactions between mother and child:
how does she … child?
how do mother and child deal with … from one another?
carry; separation
55
(Mahler) if focus on separation, what factor impacts on growth and development? A: …
egos develop in … situations-->> develop coping skills this way and learn how to deal with separation
anxiety; anxiety-inducing situations
56
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
| 1. …- 1st month of life
primary autism
57
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
primary autism --> no recognition of any … that is the agent of satisfactions; very egocentric period
midway through- beginning to recognize that someone …
external object; other than self
58
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 2. …- 2 through 4 months:
child's … begins to crack --> … and … growth occurring
very strong emotional attachment ot … what is the significance of mother's holding, feeding, touching, etc. have on the child? -->>> I am a person of … and …, or the opposite (seeing the world as a place of hostility)
normal symbiosis; autistic shell; psychological; emotional; mother; value; worth
59
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
| 3. 1st-subphase: … and … of ...- 5 through 9 months
differentiation and development of body image
60
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
3. 1st subphase:
hatching from shell
child emerging as a … individual --> able to distinguish between mom and me more ably, recognizing that mother is source of sustenance/care, rather than …
early attempts to .. and … from mother -->> can crawl at that point; more … from one another --> separation and anxiety and developing skills to deal with that
great deal of time exploring world
period of physical and emotional growth
perceptually aware; self
break away; separate
physical distance
61
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 4. …- 10 through 14 months
practicing sub phase
62
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: what is happening during this time period? child has:
… language
… locomotion
… cognitive ability
ego is now capable of …
child now focuses on … (playing with toys) --> but … is still object of central focus
greater; greater; greater
reality testing
mother
63
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
| 5 …- 14 months through 2 yrs
rapproachment
64
(Mahler) 6 phases of development:
5. rapproachment:
what is happening during this period? child has
… language: receptive and expressive
… locomotion
… cognitive
child becomes more aware of … from mother
>; >; >; separation
65
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 5. rapproachment contd:
child now more …--> with this independence comes greater … and …-->> because of recognition that dependence on mom and interactions with mom will become very different as this independence develops
increased sensitivy to …
independent; fear; anxiety; mom's absence
66
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 6. …- 2nd through 3rd yrs
separation and individuation
67
(Mahler) 6 phases of development: 6 separation and invidiuation
...: even though mom is not here, she still loves me. must be … for this to occur
ego can now tolerate anxiety associated with … and can … --> beginning to define who i am
emotional object constancy; trust; separation; individuate
68
...: transition period from childhood to adulthood
| ...: period of rapid physical growth and change
adolescence; puberty
69
puberty:
adolescent growth spurt--
girls: … to … yrs full height by ...-... yrs old
boys: …-... yrs full height by …-... yrs
11;13; 16; 17
| 13; 15; 18; 20
70
adolescent age group created by …: partly intended to take younger people out off the workforce
society
71
menarche typically occurs around ...0... yrs old
12.5 - 15.5
72
girls:
| early maturers tend to be …, earlier exposure to … and …, deal with …, earlier … experiencies, …, … academic performance
self conscious; drugs; alcohol; sexual advances; sexual; pregnancies; decreased
73
boys:
early maturers tend to be …, ..., … from females, … success academically, viewed more … by adults, … responsibility, … freedom
taller; stronger; admiration; greater; favorably; greater; greater
74
late maturers: what impact might this hav eon girls and boys?
boys: … and ...d elayed
girls; tend to do better …, but deal with …
growth spurt; secondary characteristics
| academically; social pressure
75
(erikson's psychosocial theory of development) expands the … and … of ego
sometimes referred to as the …: ego develops the following--> trust, hope, autonomy, will, industry, competence, etc.
functions; capacities; creative ego
76
(erikson's psychosocial theory of development) recognizes and stresses importance of …, …, and … factors- how so?
these all define who you become as an individual
the period of time you grow up in also impacts your development
expands …- when does development/growth end? believes that people continue to grow and develop until death, can potentially change throughout life
social; historical; cultural; developmental process
77
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
first 4 stages cover … through ...
5th stage covers adolescence, the … stage- identity vs. …
6th-8th covers ...
birth; childhood; critical; identity confusion; adulthood
78
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stages: positive and negative aspects (.. vs ..)
to have healthy development need to experience both the positive and negative, but … must be reinforced more, must be more dominant
negative: sometimes referred to as … or …
trust; mistrust; positive; crisis; hazard
79
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 1: ... - 1st yr of life
how can you tell if child sees the world as a safe place/not? ...,..., ...
... interactions are critical --> influences how child sees themselves and the world, primary caretaker acts as ...
trust vs mistrust; sleeping; eating; excreting;
mother/child;
mirror to the world
80
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 1 contd:
what role does anxiety/separation from mother play in trust issue?
must occur for ... to develop
child learns to trust self and others: respond to parental ..., trust that parents know what they are doing
trust; prohibitions
81
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 1 contd:
transition from ... to ...: pleasure and expression of aggression, anger, frustration
what are sources of frustration, anger? ..., ..., ...
gradual recognition of self being ... from others
sucking; biting;
hunger; thirst; diaper
separate
82
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 1 contd:
...: gradual removal of something
what is baby being weaned from and why? mom ... (work, another pregnancy/child, intimacy with partner, resumption of own life)
what is the psychological hazard if weaning is not handled properly? ... --> state of mourning, reflecting on better days --> occurs if weaning is too ...
weaning; leaving; acute infantile depression; sudden
83
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
| stage 2: ... vs ... --> 2nd yr of life
autonomy; shame and doubt
84
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 2 contd:
witness a ...:
time to learn of the dos, donts, expectations, obligations, rights privileges:
learning about ... and ... --> occurs partly through ... --. indicates that there's a time and place for things
battle of the wills
obedience; conformity
toilet training
85
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 2 contd:
time of greater autonomy, freedom, exploration --> gained through ...
child learns to accept ... from others, and to ...
self control; control; control self
86
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
2nd stage contd:
what tool do parents have to deal with this battle and control child's behavior? ...: aware that you are exposed to others, conscious of being looked at
what happens if parents shame too much? it makes it ...
shame; ineffective
87
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) 2nd stage contd:
if shame handled properly: ..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ...
if not handled properly: leave stage with sense of ...--> inhibitis ... bc child is afraid of ...
independence; autonomy; self-expression; lovingness; goodwill; pride
doubt; initiative; failure
88
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) 2nd stage contd:
psychological hazard: ... --> developed sooner than it should have, standard of conscience is ...
precocious conscience; perfection
89
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 3: ... vs ...: 3rd-5th years of life
> ...
> ....
> ... abilities
> ... of environment
> capacity to ... and establish ... --> child of ..., activity even in play has some ... to it
```
initiative; guilt
language
locomotion
cognitive
exploration
plan; goals; intention; purpose
```
90
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 3 contd:
eager to learn and perform for ... and ...
period of the ...:
...: intruder is child upon parents
...: intruder is child upon parents, when they are inquisitive and when parents get tired of hearing why
... (physical attack towards others or upon self by others)
```
parents; peers
great intrusions
space
mind
body
```
91
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 3 contd:
child has ... fears--> child doesn't have emotional understanding of these feelings which creates a sense of ...
crisis is ...: what impact can this have on initiative --> ... is the potential inhibitor of initiative--> when child thinks they will .., it inhibits action
oedipal; apprehension; guilt; conscience; fail
92
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 3 contd:
we also learn of ... --> not an issue of right or wrong, but rather of power; people in power can get away with things that others cannot
injustice
93
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4: ... vs ... - 5/6 yrs of adolescence
1st stage: I am what I am ...
2nd stage: I am what I ... --> exerting ... and ...
3rd stage: I am what I can ...
4rd stage: I am what I ... --> at age 5, formal education has begun--> ... occurring
```
industry; inferiority;
given
will; independence; autonomy
imagine
learn; dissemination of knowledge
```
94
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4 contd:
formal education: increases in ..., ..., ... abilities
locomotion; language; cognitive
95
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4 contd:
eager to learn and perform for ... and ... along with parents now
what about peer group? adults? traditions? beliefs? values? being exposed to new ideas that either .../... yours
teachers; classmates
| support; question yours
96
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 4 contd:
gains a sense of ..., ..., fruits of ... and ..., ..., ..., etc.
payoff for putting in hard work generalized to life
perseverance; diligence; labor; hard work; productivity; mastery
97
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 4 contd:
danger/crisis: ...--> unwillingness to take .../...
fear of ...
...
inferiority
chances/risks
failure
guilt
98
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 4 contd:
what should parents/teachers do to foster industry and minimize inferiority?
another lesson of life: independent of one's personal abilities, strengths, talents, what factors determine worth and opportunity to develop these strengths? major factor: ... (.. status)
if parents have more money, they can provide you with better opportunities. with less money, may not be able to develop skills to the fullest
money; socioeconomic status
99
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5: ... vs ... (adolescence)
identity; identity confusion
100
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
Erikson considers this the most ... stage: defining who person is
sense of who I am, what is the ... of life, my life
defining interests, talents, skills, likes, dislikes, goals, what is my ..., etc
critical; meaning; destiny
101
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
adolescence: time of ...
...: putting something on hold
in adolescence, people are given some freedom to explore things--> moment of time/break where they're not necessarily held to the same ... as in other periods of their lives
psychosocial moratorium;
moratorium
standards
102
```
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
where is this person?
.../...
what issues are most important?
... and ...
time of great .../..--> focused on ...
```
middle school; high school
peers; family
self-consciousness; awareness
appearances
103
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
crisis/hazard: ...--> failure of person to establish ...
feelings of ..., ..., ..., ...
identity confusion
stable identity
isolation; emptiness; anxiousness; indecisiveness
104
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
if negative identity is formed, sometimes adolescents make ... choices in an attempt to not only be hurtful, but also to ...
vindictive; regain control
105
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 5 contd:
...: ability to sustain loyalties what previous virtue is needed for this to be possible? ...
fidelity; trust
106
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 6: ... vs ...
person is prepared to unite identity with ...
seek ...
... with others
... with others
```
intimacy; isolation
another
partnerships
affiliation
intimacy
```
107
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 6 contd: '
crisis/hazard: ...---> avoidance of ..., unwillingness to attach to others, unable/unwilling to commit one's identity to another--> again an issue of trust
isolation; relationships
108
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 7: ... vs....
characterized by a concern for what is ...; products
...
...
most ... adulthood yrs
.... interest over ... interest
generativity; stagnation; generated; ideas; progeny; productive; social; self
109
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 7 contd:
care--> concern for others
transmission of knowledge to the ... through ... and ... (....), as well as ...
next generation; teaching; healing; social healing; parenthood
110
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 7 contd:
what value to the person does teaching others have?
sense of being ...
sense of being ... and of ... -->encourages you to care more about others than self
become less consumed by ...
needed
important; value
self-interest
111
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development)
stage 8: ... vs....
sense of my life had ...
i have cared, taught, produced, etc
crisis/hazard: ...--> life has been in .., not ..., ...
unwillingness to let life end, a life that has had no meaning, no achievement
integrity; despair; despair; vain; satisfying; empty
112
(erik erikson 8 stages of psychosocial development) stage 8 contd:
..: concern for life in the face of death
wisdom
113
(moral and social development) Kohlberg's theory of moral development"
... level- ages 4-10--> based on standards of others, ... consequences--> ... vs ..., avoid ..., ...
preconventional; physical; punishment; rewards; punishment; self-interest
114
```
(moral and social development) kohlbert contd
... - ages 10-13
right and wrong based on ... standards
... to others
consistent with ...
```
conventional level; internalized standards; pleasing; laws of society
115
(moral and social development) Kohlberg contd:
... level - age 13
moral reasoning based on ...--> corresponds to piaget's formal operations (4th stage),
respect for individual ... and others
follow ... independent of restrictions or others' opinions
postconventional; ethical principles; rights of self; conscience
116
(moral and social development) teenage pregnancy:
...- highest rate of teenage pregnancy of all developed counries
... teenagers annually become pregnant
40% ...
13% ...
70% of the girls are not ..
54% of teenage girls see nothing wrong having baby w/out being married compared to 49% teenage boys
```
U.S.
1 million
terminated by abortion
miscarriage
married
```
117
(moral and social development) teen pregnancies
consequences for mom and child-
physical: poor prenatal care and nutrition - no ... benefits, ... status--> greater rates of ..., ..., and delivery .., ...., greater ... deliveries
50% don't finish hs
greater ..., lower ... scores, greater ..., greater ...
health; socioeconomic; miscarriage; stillbirth; complications; low birth weight; premature; poverty; intelligence scores; abuse; neglect
118
(moral and social development) reinke: life course of women
1. no ... phase
2. .... phase
3. ... age phase
4. ... phase
5. ... phase (1st child leaving home-last child leaving) aka ... phase
6 .... phase
```
children
starting a family
school
adolescent
launching; empty nest
postparental
```
119
(moral and social development) early and middle adulthood--> physical changes:
20s and 30s: .. of life
late 30s: gradual ...
middle age: loss of ....., ..., ..., mostly associated with ... and ..., not ...
prime; decline
| vigor; vitality; endurance; diet; exercise; aging
120
(moral and social development) early/middle adulthood:
...: lens in eye can no longer accommodate near vision
...: ages 45-55: physical symptoms --> hot flashes, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, depression; affects everyone around her
presbyopia; menopause
121
(moral and social development) intellectual ability:
memory differences between the elderly and young adults:
sensory memory: ... --> when diffs do appear they are possibly due to the way young adults and elderly ... --> adults are more ... whereas elderly .. their focus more
no significant diffs; distribute their attention; flexible; restrict
122
(moral and social development) memory diffs:
short term mem:
... --> what impact does task difficulty have? ... perform better
no sig diffs; young adults
123
(moral and social development) memory diffs:
long term mem:
...: no differences
...: there is a diff--. one possible explanation as to why this occurs--> elderly less likely to take risks if not sure
recognition; recall
124
(moral and social development) does a person's profession play a role in productivity?
historians, philosophers, no decline through ...
scientists - ...
arts - dramatic decline in ...
70s; 60s; 70s
125
life style patterns in adulthood:
singles-playing the filed
recent trend: ... for people under 25--> is the divorce rate of these couples higher/lower when compared to those who do not cohabitate? ...
cohabitation; higher
126
life style patterns in adulthood:
marriage
median age- 1960- females ...; males ...
today: females ...; male ...
impact of marriage: quality of life--> married people are ... and ... --> better able to deal with ... of life compared to those who are unmarried
rate of divorce for 1st marriage is ... compared to for 2nd, 3rd, etc
20; 23; 25; 27
happier; live longer
stresses; lowest
127
```
life style patterns in adulthood:
divorce:
rate in 1960: 9 per 1000
today: 20 per 1000
age groupings: 35-54 experience greater ...
55+: less ... potentially
```
discord; financial stressors
128
life style patterns in adulthood:
parenthood:
... decreases after first born child --> women especially bc women are generally ...; partly post partum impact
rates of depression ... due to added stress, tension, financial obligations
marital satisfaction; primary caretakers; higher
129
life style patterns in adulthood:
remaining childless: may be because one or both of the parents had a ...
... factors
bad childhood; financial
130
life style patterns in adulthood:
career choice: critical to ... and ....--> sense of ... from job
if who you are is tied to your career, any change in that/retirement will have a ... impact on sense of worth and value
identity; self-esteem; worth; negative
131
life style patterns in adulthood:
trends:
middle aged workers --> ... job satisfaction --> job is usually more ... at this point
... women in workforce
greater; stable; more
132
later adulthood:
| physical changes--> ..., ..., .../.../.../... function
vision; stamina; heart; lung; kidney; muscle
133
later adulthood:
80% people over 65 have 1 or more of the following:
..., ..., ... problems, ... blood pressure
leading causes of death: ..., ..., ...
arthritis; rheumatism; heart; high; heart disease; cancer; stroke
134
later adulthood:
cognitive issues:
...: greater verbal ability and general knowledge over time
...: less abstract reasoning and mental flexibility over time
crystallized intelligence
| fluid intelligence
135
later adulthood:
Alzheimer's and dementia:
...: mental deterioration caused by physical deterioration of brain
...: incurable form of ...--> progressive deterioration of intellect, personality; widespread degeneration of brain cells
senile dementia; Alzheimer's; dementia
136
```
latter adult life adjustments:
...
loss of ..
losing a ...
... and ...
```
retirement
peers
spouse
death; dying
137
latter adult life adjustments:
Kubler-ross: 5 stages of death and dying
...
...- 1st stage of ...; realizing for the first time now that you are actually going to die
...
...
...
```
denial
anger; acceptance
bargaining
depression
acceptance
```
138
latter adult life:
decisions about death
...
...: period of mourning following loss of a loved one; do those who show intense grief, weeping, pain get through this process better? no, everyone handles it differently
assisted death
| bereavement
