Exam #1 General Questions Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
-Away from the midline
A
lateral
2
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
close to the midline
A
Medial
3
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
in the middle axis of the trunk
A
Median
4
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
close to the point of attachment
A
Proximal
5
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Away from the point of attachment
A
Distal
6
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Away from the body’s surface
A
Deep
7
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
toward or at body’s surface
A
Superficial
8
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
paralleling the midline
A
Parasagittal
9
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Horizontal or cross-sectional plane
A
Transverse Plane
10
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Anterior, toward front
A
Ventral
11
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Posterior, toward back, dorsum
A
Dorsal
12
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Toward the nose
A
Rostral
13
Q
Name the anatomical direction:
Toward the tail
A
Caudal
14
Q
Name the organs in the cranial cavity
A
Brain
15
Q
Name the organs of the vertebral cavity
A
Spinal Cord
16
Q
Name the organs in the thoracic cavity
A
Heart, lungs, ascending aorta, esophagus
17
Q
Name the organs in the abdominal cavity
A
Kidneys, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, appendix, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
18
Q
Name the organs in the pelvic cavity
A
Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
19
Q
What does the transverse plane separate the body into?
A
Superior and inferior halves
20
Q
What does the frontal/coronal plane separate the body into?
A
Front and back halves
21
Q
What does the sagittal plane separate the body into?
A
Left and right halves
22
Q
What are the functions of the human body cell?
A
- Covering
- Lining
- Storage
- Movement
- Connection
- Defense
- Communication
- Reproduction
23
Q
Name the microscope:
Visible light passes through the cell
A
Light microscope
24
Q
Name the microscope:
A beam of electrons passes through thin slice of specimen
A
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
25
Name the microscope:
| Displays a 2D image
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
26
Name the microscope:
| Beam of electrons bounces off the surface of the cell
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
27
Name the microscope:
| Displays a 3D image
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
28
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Serves as a selective barrier that regulates passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes
29
What are the functions of organelles?
1. Division of labor
| 2. Reflection of cell's function
30
______________ is indicated by changing in number of organelles or chromatin structures.
Aging
31
________________ is irreversible damage via harmful agents or mechanical damage.
Necrosis
32
_______________ is programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
33
Where is simple squamous epithelium located in the body?
Alveoli of lungs, heart
34
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located in the body?
Kidneys
35
Where is simple columnar epithelium located in the body?
Digestive tract, small and large intesting
36
Where is stratified squamous epithelium located in the body?
Keratinized: Epidermis
| Non-keratinized: esophagus and mouth
37
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located in the body?
Sweat, mammary, and salivary glands
38
Where is stratified columnar epithelium located in the body?
Male urethra
39
Where is transitional epithelium located in the body?
Bladder
40
Where is pseudostratified epithelium located in the body?
Inside trachea
41
Name type of loose connective tissue:
| Located under the skin and w/in abdomen
Adipose
42
Name type of loose connective tissue:
| Located under epithelium tissue
Areolar
43
Name type of loose connective tissue:
| Located in lymphoid organs
Reticular
44
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Regular and irregular
45
What are the examples of connective tissue?
1. Blood
2. Ligaments and tendons
3. Bone
4. Adipose
5. Cartilage
46
Name type of cartilage:
| Located at the end of long bones
Hyaline
47
Name type of cartilage:
| Located in intervertebral discs and knee joints
Fibro
48
Name type of cartilage:
| Located in the external ear and epiglottis
Elastic
49
What is the weakest cartilage?
Hyaline
50
What is the strongest cartilage?
Fibro
51
What is the most abundant type of cartilage?
Elastic
52
What is the structure of skeletal muscle tissue?
Fiber-striation parallel
53
What is the structure of cardiac muscle tissue?
Perpendicular fibers
54
What is the structure of smooth muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle with no striations
55
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?
Voluntary movement
56
What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?
Propels blood involuntarily
57
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
Helps with digestion involuntarily
58
Where is skeletal muscle tissue located?
In the muscles attached to bones
59
Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
Walls of the heart
60
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
Internal organs
61
_______________ are mature cells that maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
62
_____________ are cavities or depressions in bone.
Lacunae
63
________________ form concentric cylinders around capillaries.
Lamellae
64
________________ are channels for communication and diffusion.
Canaliculi
65
_________________ are immature, active cells that aid in repair.
Osteoblasts
66
__________________ produce osteoid and participate in osteogenesis.
Osteoblasts
67
_______________ is the process of making new bone.
Osteogenesis
68
___________________ cells are stem cells that are found on inner and outer surfaces of bone.
Osteoprogenitor
69
_____________ perform osteolysis, the breaking down of bone.
Osteoclasts
70
_______________ covers outer surface of bones with osteoblasts present.
Periosteum
71
When does the periosteum become active?
After fracture
72
The _____________ lines the marrow cavity.
endosteum
73
______________ bone has no space and contains osteons.
Compact
74
_____________ is the ends of bone.
Epiphysis
75
______________ means "shaft" of the bone.
Diaphysis
76
_________________ is the connecting region between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Metaphysis
77
Means "growth plate".
Metaphysis
78
_______________ bone forms irregular network within bone marrow.
Spongy
79
The ______________ cavity is lined with endosteum and adipose
marrow
80
What color bone marrow has adipose tissue in the center of the marrow cavity?
Yellow
81
What color marrow is inside spongy bone and makes new blood cells?
Red
82
_______________ is required for uptake of calcium in the gut.
Vitamin D
83
What hormone removes mineral from bone?
Parathyroid
84
When does osteoporosis occur?
When osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts
85
The femur and humerus are examples of what classification of bones?
Long bones
86
The skull is an example of what classification of bones?
Flat bones
87
The suture lines on the skull that hold bones together are examples of what classification of bones?
Sutural bones
88
The vertebrae of the spinal column are examples of what classification of bones?
Irregular bones
89
The patella is an example of what classification of bones?
Sesamoid bone
90
Carpal and tarsal bones are examples of what classification of bones?
Short bones
91
________________ joints are immovable joints.
Synarthroses
92
A _____________ is found on the skull; functions are protection and bone growth.
suture
93
__________________ is between the tooth and alveolar fossa of maxillae or mandible.
Gomphosis
94
_______________ joints are slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
95
________________ occurs when bones are connected by relatively long connective tissue ligaments.
Syndesmosis
96
_________________ connect bones using a fibrocartilage pad.
Symphysis
97
What type of cartilage is at the ends of opposing bones covered w/ hyaline cartilage and absorbs compression?
Articular
98
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
1. Lubrication
2. Nourishes chondrocytes
3. Acts as shock absorber
99
A type of linear motion that moves one bone across the surface of another is called ____________.
Gliding
100
______________ motion that is a movement that change the angle between the bones.
Angular
101
Name the type of angular motion:
| Lean forward
Flexion
102
Name the type of angular motion:
| Away from midline; moving arms up
Abduction
103
Name the type of angular motion:
| Toward the midline; Moving arms down
Adduction
104
Name the type of angular motion:
| Combined movement involving flexion/extension with abduction/adduction
Circumduction
105
________________ is movement along bone's long axis.
Rotation
106
Name the special movement:
| Forearm rotates laterally -- palm faces anteriorly
Supination
107
Name the special movement:
| Forearm rotates medially -- palm faces posteriorly
Pronation
108
Name the special movement:
| Turning sole medially (roll foot inward)
Inversion
109
Name the special movement:
| Turning sole laterally (roll foot outward)
Eversion
110
Name the special movement:
| Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin.
Dorsiflexion
111
Name the special movement:
| Depressing the foot -- pointing the toes
Plantarflexion
112
Name the special movement:
| Non-angular movement of jutting out the jaw (move jaw forward)
Protraction
113
Name the special movement:
| Move jaw back
Retraction
114
Name the special movement:
| Movement of thumb to touch the tips of other fingers (pinching)
Opposition
115
Name the special movement:
| Lift body superiorly (close mouth)
Elevation
116
Name the special movement:
| Move elevated part inferiorly (open mouth)
Depression
117
Name the joint:
- Only one movement
- Cylindrical end of one bone fits into trough on another bone
- Angular movement is allowed in one plane
- Uniaxial --> allows movement around one axis only
Hinge joint
118
Name the joint:
- Rotating bone only turns around its long axis
- Classified as uniaxial --> rotating bone only
Pivot
119
Name the joint:
- Biaxial --> 2 movements
- Side to side --> abduction - adduction
- Back and forth --> flexion - extension
Condylar
120
Name the joint:
- Each articular surface has a concave and convex surface
- Biaxial
Saddle
121
Name the joint:
- Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
- Multi-axial --> allows movement in all axes
Ball and socket
122
Name the type of joint:
| Elbow
Hinge joint
123
Name the type of joint:
Proximal radioulnar joint
Atlas - axis
Pivot joints
124
Name the type of joint:
| MCP joint in hand
Condylar joints
125
Name the type of joint:
| Thumb
Saddle
126
Name the type of joint:
Shoulder
Hip
Ball and socket joints
127
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
Epimysium
128
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Surround each fascicle
Perimysium
129
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Fine sheath; wrapping each muscle cell
Endomysium
130
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Group of muscle fibers
Fascicle
131
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Single cylindrical muscle cell
Fiber
132
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Very fine contractile fibers, groups of which extend in parallel columns along the length of striated muscle fibers
Myofibril
133
Name the part of skeletal muscle anatomy:
| Two protein filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells
Myofilaments
134
Name part of sarcomere:
| Runs down center of sarcomere, through the middle of the myosin filament
M line
135
Name part of sarcomere:
| Defines lateral boundaries of the sarcomere
Z line
136
Name part of sarcomere:
| Contains the entire length of a single thick filament
A band
137
Name part of sarcomere:
| Zone of thick filaments that has no actin
H band
138
Name part of sarcomere:
| Zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments.
I band
139
What are the dark colored bands in the sarcomere?
A bands
140
What are the light colored bands in the sarcomere?
I bands
141
What are F actin and G actin?
F actin is composed of G actin
142
In thick filaments, _______________ is protein that makes up them.
Myosin
143
________________ are attachments of myosin with actin within muscle cells.
Cross-bridges
144
The Sliding Filament Theory is......
1. H band and I band gets smaller
2. The zone of overlap gets larger
3. The Z lines move closer together
4. The width of the A band remains constant throughout the contraction
145
Name the muscle fiber speed:
- Large diameter because of many densely packed myofibrils
- Large glycogen reserves
- Relatively few mitochondria
- Fatigue easily
- Contract in less than 0.01 seconds or less
Fast Fibers
146
Name the muscle fiber speed:
- Half the diameter of fast
- Take 3x as long to contract after stimulation
- Contain abundant mitochondria
- Use aerobic metabolism
Slow fibers
147
What color are fast muscle fibers?
White
148
What color are the slow muscle fibers?
Red
149
What speed muscle fibers are the eyes and finger muscles?
Fast
150
What speed muscles are the back muscles?
Slow
151
The _______________ muscle is chiefly responsible for producing particular movement.
Prime mover
152
The ______________ muscle assists the prime mover in performing action
synergist
153
A(n) ________________ are muscles whose action oppose that of agonist.
Antagonist
154
________________ are between frontal and parietal bones on infants; also called soft spots.
Fontanels
155
_____________ curves are accommodation curves, posteriorly sweeping curves of thoracic and sacral regions.
Primary
156
________________ curves develop before birth to allow abdominopelvic viscera more room.
Primary
157
________________ curves are compensation curves develop in infant and toddler as anteriorly sweeping curve of cervical and lumbar regions.
Secondary
158
_______________ curves develop as infants learn to hold up head (cervical) and begin to walk (lumbar).
Secondary
159
Name excessive clinical curvature:
- Humpback or dowager's hump
- Exaggerated 1' curvature in thoracic
- Causes: senior individuals with osteoporosis and bad posture
Kyphosis
160
Name excessive clinical curvature:
- Exaggerated secondary curvature in lumbar
- Causes: pregnancy and obesity
Lordosis
161
Name excessive clinical curvature:
| Lateral curvature of spine
Scoliosis
162
What are the differences of the cervical vertebrae?
Bifed spine and transverse foramen
163
What are the differences of the Atlas in the cervical vertebrae?
No body
164
What are the differences of the Axis in the cervical vertebrae?
Dens
165
What are the differences of the thoracic vertebrae?
Articular facet for the ribs and oblique spine
166
What are the differences of the lumbar vertebrae?
Larger size and horizontal spines
167
What ribs are the true ribs?
1-7 (14 total)
168
What ribs are the false ribs?
8-12 (8 total)
169
What ribs are the floating ribs?
11-12 (4 total)
170
What are the movements of the scapula?
1. Protraction
2. Retraction
3. Elevation
4. Depression
5. Upward rotation
6. Downward rotation
171
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
