Exam #2 General Flashcards by erica anderson

Name the structure(s) in the conducting zone

Nose and nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

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Name the structure(s) in the respiratory zone

Alveoli

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What epithelium makes up the respiratory system?

Pseudostratified cilia columnar epithelium

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Name the structure:

Absorption and secretion

Mucosa

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Name the structure:

Movement of mucus up and out of the lungs

Cilia

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Name the structure:

Secrete mucus

Goblet cells

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Name the structure:

Recoil trachea during inspiration and expiration

lamina propria

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Name the structure:

Maintain water balance
Protect against bacteria

mucus glands

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Name the function(s) of the nasal cavity

Warms air
Humidifies air
Purifies air

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Name the function(s) of the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

Create a turbulence for cold air to slow down before lungs

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Name the structure:

Provides space for tongue
Supplies rigid floor to nasal cavity

Hard palate

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Name the structure:

Closes off nasopharynx

Soft palate

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The nasopharynx is a pathway for __________.

Air

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Name the function(s) of the auditory tube

Connects nasopharynx to middle ear
Spread infection
Equalize air pressure

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What’s another name for the auditory tube?

Eustachian tube

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The oropharynx is a pathway for ____________.

Air and food

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The laryngopharynx is a pathway for ____________.

Air and food

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Name the structure:

Controls airflow in and out of passages

Glottis

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Name the structure:

Protection for anterior larynx

Thyroid cartilage

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Name the structure:

Maintain airway patency
Forms part of pharynx
Attachment point for key structures

Cricoid cartilage

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Name the function(s) of the epiglottis

Closes off larynx to food

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Name the structure:

Moves vocal folds to allow for tension or relaxation

Arytenoid cartilage

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Name the structure:

Support vocal folds and lateral aspect of epiglottis

Cuneiform cartilage

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Name the structure:

Aid in preventing aspiration during swallowing

Corniculate cartilage

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Name the unpaired cartilages

1. Thyroid 2. Cricoid 3. Epiglottis

Name the paired cartilages

1. Arytenoid 2. Cuneiform 3. Corniculate

Name the structure: 1. Maintain function of breathing 2. Prevents food and drink from entering airway during swallowing

Vestibular folds

Name the structure: 1. Connect thyroid and arytenoid cartilages 2. Protect airway from choking on material 3. Regulate flow of air into lungs 4. Production of sound for speech

Vocal folds

What happens to vocal fold during screaming?

- Stretches vocal fold to create tension - Pitch goes higher - Arytenoid cartilage moves away from thyroid cartilage

What happens to vocal fold during whispering?

- Loosens vocal folds to create lax - Pitch goes lower - Arytenoid moves close to thyroid

Name the structure: 1. Voice production 2. Provides open airway 3. Routes air and food into proper channels

Larynx

Name the function(s) of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages

Keep airway open

Name the function(s) of the mucus escalator

Moves mucus out of the pharynx

What happens to cartilage, smooth muscle and goblet cells from the primary bronchus to the terminal bronchus?

Cartilage decreases Smooth muscle increases Goblet cells decrease

How is the right primary bronchus different?

It's shorter, wider and straighter

The right lung has ________ lobes.

Name the function(s) of the lungs

Gas exchange

The cardiac notch for the heart is on the _________ lung.

Left

The left lung has ________ lobes.

Which lung is the darker lung and why?

Right lung. Happens in smokers because the right primary bronchus is straight

Name the muscle(s) for deep inhalation

Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Erector spinae

Name the muscle(s) for forced expiration

Oblique | Transverse abdominis

Name the muscle(s) for quiet expiration

Diaphragm

Name the location of the pleural cavity

Space

Name the location for the pleura

Serous membrane surrounding lung

Name the location for the parietal pleura

Outside

Name the location of the visceral pleura

Inside

Name the location of the pleural fluid

Inside cavity

Name the function(s) of the pleural fluid

Lubrication

Name the structure: | Frame mouth

Oral cavity

Name the structure: | Push food into esophagus

Pharynx

Name the structure: | Carry food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach

Esophagus

Name the function(s) of the small intestine

Absorb nutrients

Name the function(s) of the large intestine

Absorb water

Name the structure: | Mechanical digestion of food

Stomach

Name the 6 functions of the digestive system

1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3. Mechanical digestion 4. Chemical digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation

What is the pathway of the bolus?

Oral cavity --> Oropharynx --> esophagus --> stomach --> Duodenum --> Jejunum --> ileum --> cecum --> Ascending colon --> Transverse colon --> Descending colon --> Sigmoid colon

Name the layer of histological organization: - Mucosal epithelium - Lamina propria - Muscularis interna

Mucosa

Name the layer of the histological organization | -Layer of loose connective tissue

Submucosa

Name the layer of the histological organization - Circular layer --> fibers are circular - Longitudinal layers --> fibers run longitudinal

Muscularis externa

Name the layer of the histological organization | -Fascia connective tissue

Serosa

What happens in peristalsis?

Contraction happens after bolus moves forward so that it may propel it forward

What happens in segmentation?

Random contractions happen to move bolus

The _____________ peritoneum surrounds digestive organs.

Visceral

The _____________ peritoneum lines the body wall.

Parietal

Name the intraperitoneal organ(s)

Stomach, spleen, liver, 1st and 4th parts of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon and sigmoid colon

The ___________ is situated behind the peritoneum.

Retroperitoneal

What is the location of the greater omentum?

Extends from greater curvature of stomach to proximal duodenum

Name the function(s) of the greater omentum

1. Hold organs in place 2. Sites of fat storage 3. Provides route for circulatory vessels and nerves

Name the function(s) of the incisor teeth

Cutting or clipping

Name the function(s) of the cuspid teeth

Tearing

Name the function(s) of the bicuspid teeth

Crush, grind

Name the function(s) of the molar teeth

Crush, grind

Where are the parotid salivary glands located?

Close to ear

Name the salivary gland: 1. Produce amylase 2. Drain saliva

Parotid

Where are the sublingual salivary glands located?

Inside oral cavity under tongue

Name the salivary gland: | Produce mucus

Sublingual

Where are the submandibular salivary glands located?

Under mandible

Name the salivary gland: | Produce saliva

Submandibular

Name the structure: 1. Storage space 2. Mix food into chyme

Stomach

Name the anatomical structure of the stomach | -Junction between esophagus and stomach

Cardia

Name the anatomical structure of the stomach | -Roof of the stomach

Fundus

Name the anatomical structure of the stomach | -Entire stomach

Body

Name the anatomical structure of the stomach | -Joint between stomach and small intestine

Pylorus

Name the anatomical structure of the stomach | -Regulates flow of food

Pyloric sphincter

Name the anatomical structure of the stomach | -Expansion to hold food (stomach folds)

Rugae

Failure of the mucous lining results in ____________.

Stomach ulcers

Name the structure: | Breakdown food using bile and enzymes

Duodenum

Name the structure: | Absorb nutrients

Jejunum

Name the structure: | Absorb nutrients

Ileum

Name the part(s) of the large intestine

Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Name the structure: 1. Remove waste 2. Absorb water

Large intestine

Name the structure: 1. Detoxify blood 2. Produce bile

Liver

What are the four lobes of the liver?

1. Left 2. Right 3. Caudate 4. Quadrate

The left and right lobes of the liver are separated by the __________________ ligament.

Falciform

Name the structure: 1. Store bile 2. Concentrate bile

Gallbladder

Name the structure: 1. Pancreatic enzymes breakdown proteins and carbs (exocrine) 2. Insulin regulates blood sugar (endocrine)

Pancreas

Name the two bile flow scenarios

1. Drains into hepatic ducts, combine into common hepatic ducts into common bile duct into duodenum 2. Hepatic ducts --> common hepatic --> gallbladder for storage

What is the portal triad composed of?

- Portal vein - Hepatic artery - Bile ducts

The sinuses open to the __________________.

Middle nasal meatus

Inferior meatus connects to ________________.

Nasal lacrimal duct

Pulmonary vein carries _____________ blood.

Oxygenated

Pulmonary artery carries _______________ blood.

Deoxygenated

The _______________ cavity if a slit-like potential space

Peritoneal

The ________________ is a double layer of peritoneum.

Mesentery

Too much greater omentum creates __________.

Lordosis

Too little greater omentum creates _____________.

Infection

Name tongue papillae(s) - Smallest, numerous - No taste buds - Create friction to hold food

Filiform

Name tongue papillae(s) - Taste buds - Function is to taste

Fungiform and vallate

______________ muscles originate in bone and insert into tongue

Extrinsic

______________ muscles originate and insert into tongue

Intrinsic

Name the muscle of the tongue: | Move and change position of tongue

Extrinsic

``` Name the muscle of the tongue: Roll tongue (change shape) ```

Intrinsic

The ________________ of the colon helps with expansion

Haustra

What is the function of the gap near the trachea?

Expands to allow for larger quantities of food to be eaten

Name the gastric secretory cell - Produces acid - Intrinsic factors

Parietal cells

Name the enteroendocrine cell | - Makes stomach contract fast to promote muscular activity

G cells

Name the kidney structure | -Protect inner structures of kidney

Renal cortex

Name the kidney structure | -Cushion, connect w/ abdominal wall

Adipose capsule

Name the kidney structure | -Help support kidney and protection

Renal capsule

Name the kidney structure | -Secure adipose and protection

Renal fascia

Name the kidney structure | -Entry/exit for nerves and vessels

Hilus

Name the kidney structure | -Surrounds kidney

Renal sinus

Name the kidney structure | -Regulate concentration of urine

Renal medulla

Name the kidney structure | -Transport urine

Renal pyramid

Name the kidney structure | -Urine filtration

Renal papillae

Name the kidney structure | -Anchors cortex

Renal column

Name the kidney structure | -collects urine from pyramid

Minor calyx

Name the kidney structure | -Collect urine

Major calyx

Name the kidney structure | -Transports urine toward urinary bladder

Ureter

How does a floating kidney occur?

A very thin person, when there's no fat to hold kidney into place so it drops a few vertebrae

What is the flow of urine?

PCT --> Loop of Henle --> DCT --> Collecting duct --> Minor calyx --> Renal pelvis --> Ureter --> Bladder

Name the part of the nephron | -A cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from blood

Glomerulus

Name the part of the nephron - Surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and participates in the filtration of blood from the glomerular capillaries - Creates a urinary space through which filtrate can enter the nephron and pass to the proximal convoluted tubule

Bowman's Capsule

Name the location: | Ureter

Upper 1/2 --> abdomen | Lower 1/2 --> Pelvic area

Name the location: | Urinary bladder

Lower abdomen

What type of distention results from urine stasis and leads to laxity (UTI)?

Bladder

What type of distention is the obstruction of urine outflow, creating dilation?

Ureter

Name part of male reproductive system: - Tightly coiled duct - Storage for sperm - Connected to testis via efferent ductules

Epididymis

Name part of male reproductive system: - Also called vas deferens - Starts in scrotum, traverses inguinal canal and enter pelvis

Ductus deferens

Name part of male reproductive system: - Inside prostate gland - Runs in prostate to terminate in prostatic urethra

Ejaculatory duct

Name part of male reproductive system: - Longer in men than women - 3 parts --> 1. Prostatic, 2. Membranous, 3. Penile

Urethra

Name part of male reproductive system: - Sperm does not pass through - Located behind bladder - Secretes yellow fluid that makes up 60% of semen

Seminal vesicles

Name part of male reproductive system: - Located below bladder - Secretes milky white fluid that makes up 40% of semen - May become inflamed

Prostate gland

Name part of male reproductive system: - Located in urogenital diaphragm - Secretes prior to ejaculation - Purges urine from penile urethra - Lubricates urethra - Neutralizes uric acid

Bulbourethral gland

Name part of male reproductive system: - Helps regulate temperature of testes - Protects testicles

Scrotum

Name part of male reproductive system: - External reproductive organ - Contains the tube in the shaft (urethra) that drains to bladder

Penis

Name part of male reproductive system: - Produce male gametes through spermatogenesis - Produce male hormones or androgens (testosterone)

Testis

Name part of male reproductive system: - Life support system for testes - Passes through scrotum, through inguinal canal and to the abdomen

Spermatic cord

Name the muscle(s) that control temperature in the testes

Cremaster and dartos

The ________________ muscle is an extension of the internal oblique.

Cremaster

The ________________ muscle is located in the scrotal wall.

Dartos

Name the function(s) of the ovaries

1. Produce female gametes through oogenesis | 2. Produce female hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Name the part of the uterine (fallopian) tube: | -Fingerlike projections through which eggs move from ovaries to uterus

Fimbriae

Name the part of the uterine (fallopian) tube: - Secretes fluid - Rests above ovaries - Widest section of uterine tube

Ampulla

Name the part of the uterine (fallopian) tube: | -Connects ampulla to infundibulum to uterus

Isthmus

Name the part of the uterine (fallopian) tube: | -Allows for sperm to travel to egg and for fertilized egg to implant

Uterine cavity

Fertilization occurs in the ___________.

Fallopian tube

Name the internal anatomy of the uterus: | -Main part of the uterus

Body

Name the internal anatomy of the uterus: | -Broad curved upper area where fallopian tubes connect to uterus

Fundus

Name the internal anatomy of the uterus: | -Lower, narrow part of the uterus and connects main body of uterus to vagina

Cervix

Name the internal anatomy of the uterus: | -Opening b/w cervix and vagina

External OS

Name the internal anatomy of the uterus: | -Opening b/w cervix and corpus

Internal OS

Name the internal anatomy of the uterus: - Passes through cervix - Allows blood and baby to pass from womb into vagina

Cervical canal

Name layer of uterine wall: | -Inner lining of uterus

Endometrium

Name layer of uterine wall: - Middle and thickest layer - Made up of smooth muscle

Myometrium

Name layer of uterine wall: - Outer serous layer - Secretes lubricating fluid that reduces friction

Perimetrium

How many days is ovulation?

14 days

How many days is the menstrual cycle?

Name the matching for homology of external genitalia 1. Penis A. Labia Majora 2. Corpus spongiosum B. Clitoris 3. Scrotum C. Labia minora

1. B 2. C 3. A

What is the pathway of sperm for fertilization?

Testes --> epididymis --> vas deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra --> vaginal canal --> cervix --> uterus --> fallopian tubes

Name the function(s) of the male reproductive system

1. Produce gametes | 2. Produce male hormones

The _____________ is the primary organ that produces gametes.

gonad

The ______________ transport sperm.

ducts

The ____________ produce sperm

glands

Name the function(s) of the sertoli (sustentacular) cells

1. Establish blood-testis barrier | 2. Nourish and support developing germ cells

________________ cells are external to seminiferous tubules and synthesize testosterone.

Leydig

How many chromosomes are in a single sperm cell?

What does the spermatic cord consist of?

1. Vas deferens 2. Testicular artery 3. Pampiniform Plexus of Veins 4. Ilioinguinal nerve 5. Cremaster muscle

How does an inguinal hernia happen?

Happens when the testes don't descend, happens in men only.

What are the percentages of sperm that each of the followig make up: - Prostate - Seminal vesicles

Prostate: 40% | Seminal vesicle: 60%

What type of muscle is the penis?

Smooth muscle

Which structure produces hormone in the female reproductive system?

Ovary

Name the function(s) of the female reproductive system

1. Site for fertilization 2. Site for implantation 3. Environment for pregnancy 4. Mechanism for parturition 5. Nutritional support for newborns

What type of muscle is the uterus?

Smooth muscle

What is it called when implantation of a fertilized egg happens at a site other than the uterus?

Ectopic pregnancy

Where does the egg usually implant?

Posterior wall of the fundus

The ______________ of the female reproductive system is the space between cervix and vaginal wall.

Fornix

Name the skin layer 1. Maintained by HCG - Form the placenta 2. Secretes steroids during pregnancy 3. Secretes relaxin - Softens pubic symphysis

Corpus luteum

Name the skin layer 1. Replaces corpus luteum 2. Connective tissue scar tissue

Corpus albicans

Name the process of oogenesis

Primary oocyte --> secondary oocyte --> tertiary oocyte --> ovulation --> corpus luteum --> corpus albican

Exam #2 General Flashcards

(191 cards)