Final Exam Flashcards by erica anderson

Name subdivision of pericardium

Contains heart and great vessels
Function: prevent overstretching

Pericardial sac

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name subdivision of pericardium

- Outer layer

Fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name subdivision of pericardium

Inner layer
Formed by parietal and visceral pericardium

Serous pericardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the layer(s) of the heart

Pericardial sac
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure of the heart

- function: generate contractile muscle force

Cardiocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure of the heart wall

- interconnect cardiac muscle cells

Intercalated discs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure(s) that make up the right atrium

Superior and inferior vena cava
Pectinate muscles
Coronary veins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The _______________ is a hole that forms before birth

foramen ovale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The _________________ forms from foramen ovale after birth when hole closes

foramen ovalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure(s) of the left atrium

Left and right pulmonary veins

2. Bicuspid (mitral) valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the function(s) of the left and right atrium

Receive blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure(s) of the right ventricle

Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left and right pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the structure(s) of the left ventricle

Aortic valve
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the vessel(s) that drain into the right atrium

Superior and inferior vena cava

2. Coronary sinus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the blood flow in the pulmonary circuit

Right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary trunk –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pulmonary trunk carries ___________ blood.

Deoxygenated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pulmonary veins carry ______________ blood.

Oxygenated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lungs carry ______________ blood.

Oxygenated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the blood flow in the systemic circuit

Oxygenated blood into left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> capillaries –> deoxygenated blood exits capillaries –> superior/inferior vena cava –> right atrium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All valves of the heart function ________________.

Prevent backflow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes a valve in the heart to open?

Pressure greater behind the valve

- When pressure in left ventricle exceeds pressure in aorta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes a valve in the heart to close?

Pressure greater in front of valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the origin of the left main coronary artery

Ascending aorta

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the main branches of the left main coronary artery?

Left anterior descending artery

2. Circumflex artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the origin of the right coronary artery

Right aortic sinus

What are the main branches of the right coronary artery?

1. Right posterior descending artery | 2. Marginal artery

What is the pathway of the conduction system of the heart?

SA node --> AV node --> bundle of His --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers

Name the part of the conducting system of the heart: - Located in the right upper chamber (atrium) of the heart - Generates electrical stimulus

SA node

Name the part of the EKG: | - Contraction of the atrium

P wave

Name the part of the EKG: | - Contraction of the ventricle

QRS complex

Name the part of the EKG: | - Relaxation of the ventricle

T wave

Between the P wave and QRS complex is relaxation of the _____________.

Atrium

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the contraction push the AV valve closed but it doesn't open the semilunar valve?

Ventricular systole

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the pressure rise and cause the semilunar valves open?

Ventricular systole

Artery or vein? - More numerous, small in diameter and cross-sectional area - Thicker walled to with-stand high pressure

Artery

Artery or vein? - Blood pressure is lower - Thinner to carry deoxygenated blood

Vein

Name the layer of a blood vessel: - First coat - Endothelia cells - Loose connective tissue - Plaque forms here

Tuncia intima

Name the layer of a blood vessel: - Second coat - Elastic connective tissue fibers - Smooth muscles (controls lumen diameter and blood flow)

Tunica media

Name the layer of a blood vessel: - Loose conective tissue - Vasa vasorum

Tunica externa

The ____________ are the vessels with the pulse.

arteries

The ____________ is the rhythmic pushing of blood in the heart followed by a refilling of the heart chamber.

pulse

In smaller distribution arteries, the ______________ is mostly smooth muscle.

tunica media

Contraction of muscles in distribution arteries control ______________ to a particular muscle, gland, organ, etc.

blood flow

True or false? | Like deep veins, superficial veins are paired with an artery of the same name

False | - Superficial veins are the opposite of deep veins, they are not paired and do not run parallel to the artery

What are the branches of the subclavian?

1. Cephalic vein 2. Basilic vein 3. Median cubital vein

Name the vein that is most common to become a varicose vein due to incompetent valves

Great saphenous vein

_______________ structure consist of only an endothelium and basal lamina, lack the 3 tunics.

Capillaries

Most fluid exchange occurs at ______________ where there's a net flow of plasms to the interstitial fluid

capillaries

What is the location of the capillaries?

Throughout the body

What is the permeability of capillaries?

Very permeable, but that can cause bad pathological response of the body

Name the type of capillary: - Known as discontinuous - Least common - Structure has large open pores - Function is to allow blood to flow

Sinusoidal

Where are sinusoidal capillaries located?

Bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen

What is the permeability of the sinusoidal capillaries?

- Leakiest of capillaries | - Most permeable

Name the type of capillary - Structure is small pores - Function is to allow small molecules to pass through

Fenestrated

What is the location of the fenestrated capillaries?

Endocrine system, kidneys, and intestines

Name the organ(s) in the 1st capillary bed of the hepatic portal circulation

Stomach, intestines and spleen

Name the organ(s) in the 2nd capillary bed of the hepatic portal circulation

Liver (hepatic cells)

In a hepatic portal system, how many capillary beds does a blood cell pass through in a series before returning to the heart?

Two

Name the main vessels in the pulmonary circuit

- Pulmonary arteries | - Pulmonary veins

Name the major vessels in the systemic circuit

1. Superior and inferior vena cava | 2. Aorta

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | - Umbilical arteries carry ____________ blood

deoxygenated

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | Umbilical veins carry _____________ blood

oxygenated

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | The ________________ is a hole between the right atrium and left atrium that bypasses the lungs

Forman ovale

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | The __________________ closes after birth

forament ovale

The _______________ is formed from foramen ovale

fossa ovalis

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth - Connection to pulmonary trunk - Aortic arch to bypass lungs - Closes after birth

Ductus arteriosus

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | - Formed from ductus arteriosum

Ligamentum arteriosum

Brain CNS and PNS | The __________________ is the front brain.

Prosencephalon

Brain CNS and PNS | The __________________ is the midbrain.

Mesencephalon

Brain CNS and PNS | The _________________ is the hindbrain.

Rhombencephalon

The telencephalon grows into the _____________.

cerebrum

The diencephalon grows into what?

1. Epithalamus 2. Thalami 3. Hypothalamus

The mesencephalon grows into the ___________.

Midbrain

The metencephalon grows into what?

1. Cerebellum | 2. Pons

The myelencephalon grows into the _____________

Medulla oblongata

What are the parts of the brain stem?

1. Medulla oblongata 2. Midbrain 3. Pons

The _________________ functions to control subconscious body functions.

Brain stem

Name the brain matter - Control center - Contains nerve cells

Gray

Name the ventricle of the brain - Deep to cortex - Located between pons and cerebellum

Lateral ventricle

Humans have how many lateral ventricles?

Two | - 1st and 2nd ventricles

The ______ ventricle is an indentation that connects the 3rd to the 4th ventricle.

3rd

The ______ ventricle is located behind the pons

4th

Name the layer of the cranial meninges | - Outside layer

Dura mater

Name the layer of the cranial meninges | - Middle layer

Arachnoid mater

Name the layer of the cranial meninges | - Inside layer

Pia mater

Name the part of the brain - Provide nutrients and oxygen to nerve cell - Cushion and protect

Cerebrospinal fluid

What produces cerebrospinal fluid?

Choroid plexus

Cerebrospinal fluid is stored in the _______________.

Subarachnoid space

Name the cerebrospinal fluid circulation

3rd ventricle --> aqueduct of sylvis --> 4th ventricle --> later apertures --> median apertures --> subarachnoid space --> arachnoid granulations --> superior sagittal sinus --> internal jugular

What does the blood-brain barrier do?

Shields brain from toxins

The _____________ is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and empties into sinuses.

Arachnoid granulation

Name the portion of the cerebral cortex: - Somatic motor area - Function: voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

Primary motor cortex

Name the portion of the cerebral cortex: | - Function: skeletal muscle control

Pre-central gyrus

Name the portion of the cerebral cortex: - Located along post-central gyrus and parietal lobe - Function: processing somatic sensations

Primary sensory cortex

Name the portion of the cerebral cortex: | - Function: sense

Post-central gyrus

Name the portion of the cerebral cortex: | - Function: planning and complex movements

Pre-motor cortex

Name the portion of the cerebral cortex: | - Function: think ahead, take initiative

Pre-frontal lobe

Name the type of white matter: | - Function: communication between the cerebral hemispheres

Commissural fibers

Name the type of white matter: | - Function: connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Association fibers

Name the type of white matter: | - Function: connect pons to cortex and cortex to cerebellum

Projection fibers

What is the largest commissural fiber in the white matter?

Corpus callosum

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Cooperate with cerebral cortex in controlling movement

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

1. Caudate nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globulus pallidus 4. Amygdaloid body

Name the part of the basal ganglia - Fear control - Injury results in having no fear

Amygdaloid body

Which part(s) of the basal ganglia results in Huntington's disease if injured?

Caudate nucleus and putamen

The ____________ is the sensory relay center between the brain stem and cortex.

Thalamus

Name the function(s) of the hypothalamus

1. Hormones via pituitary gland 2. Autonomic nervous system functions 3. Feeding and drinking 4. Sexual activity 5. Temperature 6. Sleep-wake cycle 7. Memory

Name the part of the mesencephalon: | - Function: auditory and visual reflexes

Tectum

Name the part of the mesencephalon: | - Function: maintenance of muscle tone and limb posture

Red nucleus

Name the part of the mesencephalon: | - Motor movement and reward functions

Substantia nigra

What vessel of the body is used to take blood from an individual?

Median cubital vein

Name the part of the mesencephalon: | - Function: connect midbrain to cerebrum

Cerebral peduncle

Which part(s) of the mesencephalon results in Parkinson's disease if injured?

Substantia nigra

Name the function(s) of the pons

Bridge from cortex to cerebellum and medulla oblongata

Name the function(s) of the medulla oblongata

1. Autonomic activities (cardiovascular and pulmonary functions) 2. Transmits signals crossing over brain (ex. if right side of body doesn't work left side of the brain is injured)

________________ is the point at junction of medulla and spinal cord, where the motor fibers from medullary pyramids cross midline.

Pyramidal decussation

At what level does the spinal cord end?

Vertebral level L2

Vertebral level L2 is at the ___________.

iliac crest

Where does a spinal tap occur?

Between L3 and L4 or L5 and S2

The _______________ is the end of the spinal cord.

Conus medullaris

__________________ is pia mater that continues to coccyx after spinal cord ends at L2

Filum terminalis

What does the dorsal root ganglion do?

Sensory transmission

What does the dorsal ramus do?

Control the true back muscles (erector spinae group)

What does the ventral ramus do?

Control abdominal muscles

The dorsal root controls ___________.

Sensory

The ventral root controls ___________.

Motor

Name the spinal nerve numbers

``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

How is there 8 cervical spinal nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae?

Because the 1st spinal nerve is located above C1

The ______________ is an opening where nerve root exits the spine.

intervertebral foramina

______________ is formed by spinal roots below L2 and looks like a horse tail.

Cauda equina

The ______________ stores cerebrospinal fluid.

Subarachnoid space

What is the space between arachnoid mater and the pia mater?

Subarachnoid space

Name the organizational component of the gray matter: | - Responsible for sensation

Posterior gray horn

Name the organizational component of the gray matter: | - Responsible for controlling skeletal muscle

Anterior gray horn

Name the organizational component of the gray matter: | - Responsible for senses

Median horn

Name the tract of the white matter | - Sensory function

Ascending tract

Name the tract of the white matter: | - Motor function

Descending tract

Injury scenarios: | What happens with an injury to the ventral root?

- No control to true back muscles, no motor function in them | - Have sensation to front and back

Injury scenarios: | What happens with an injury to the dorsal root?

- No sensation anywhere | - Can use erector spinae muscles and have muscle movement

Injury scenarios: | What happens with an injury to the spinal nerve

No sensation or motor

Injury scenarios: | What happens with an injury to the ventral ramus

No sensation or movement in front but have sensation and movement in the back

Injury scenarios: | What happens with an injury to the dorsal ramus

No sensation in the back but has sensation in the front

Name the branch of the spinal nerve: - Contains nerves that serve dorsal portion and carry visceral and somatic motor and sensory information from t he skin and muscles of the back - Control the true back muscles

Dorsal ramus

Name the branch of the spinal nerve - Contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and upper and lower limbs - Control abdominal muscles

Ventral ramus

Name the branch of the spinal nerve: - Branch from spinal nerve and re-enter intervertebral foramen to serve ligaments, dura, blood vessels, intervertebral discs, facet joints and periosteum of vertebrae

Meningeal branches

Name the branch of the spinal nerve: | - Contain autonomic nerves that carry visceral motor and sensory information to and from visceral organs

Rami communicantes

Name the term: - An area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve - Relay sensation (including pain) from a region of the skin to the brain - Test each spinal nerve, except for 1st cervical spinal nerve

Dermatome

What is the significance of a dermatome?

Helps to assess and diagnose a variety of conditions that could happen in a specific nerve root in the spine

Name the nerve branch(es) of the musculocutaneal nerve?

Biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis

Name the nerve branch(es) of the median nerve

Thumb, index and middle fingers

Name the nerve branch(es) of the ulnar nerve

Ring and pinky fingers

Name the nerve branch(es) of the radial nerve

Triceps and extensors

Name the nerve branch(es) of the femoral nerve

Quadricep muscles

Name the nerve branch(es) of the sciatic nerve

Hamstring muscles

Name the basic components of the reflexes

1. Sensory receptor 2. Afferent nerve 3. Central integration 4. Efferent nerve 5. Effector

A _______________ is the functional unit of the nervous system

neuron

Name the part of the neuron: - Receptive site - Receive sensory information

Dendrites

Name the part of the neuron: - Output site - Carry motor information

Axon

Name the part of the neuron: - Contain genetic information - Maintains neuron structure - Provides the energy to drive activities

Cell body (soma)

Name the part of the neuron: | - Insulating unit

Myelin

Name the part of the neuron: | - Produce myelin

Schwann cells

Name the part of the CNS/PNS: | - Functions: insulate around nerves and allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells

Myelin sheath

What is/are the differences of the myelin sheath between its formation in the CNS and the PNS.

It's formed by the oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

Name structural classification of neuron: - Special sensory neuron - 2 processes - Ex. vision of retina

Bipolar

Name structural classification of neuron: | - general sensory neuron

Pseudounipolar

Name structural classification of neuron: - Motor neurons - Many processes - Ex. muscles

Mulipolar

____________ neurons detect inputs from the environment and convert them into signals and pass the information on to the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory

_____________ neurons allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out the function

Motor

Name part of motor neuron: | - Carries signals to the skeletal muscles

Somatic motor neurons

Name part of motor neuron: - Known as autonomic nervous system - Carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Visceral motor neurons

Name part of motor neuron: | - Neurons that arise from the CNS and supply the ganglia

Preganglionic fiber

Name part of motor neuron: | - Neurons that arise from the ganglia and supply the tissues.

Postganglionic fiber

Name part of motor neuron: - Between the sensory and motor fibers - Enable communication between sensory or motor neurons and the CNS - Play role in reflexes

Interneurons

Name part of motor neuron: | - Function: connect spinal motor and sensory neurons

Interneurons

What is the largest vein in the body?

Inferior vena cava

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta

Name the other name(s) for the left atrioventricular (AV) valve

Bicuspid valve | Mitral valve

Name the other name(s) for the right atrioventricular (AV) valve

Tricuspid valve

Name the valve: - Has noise when auscultating patient - Noise indicates backflow (regurgitation) and heart murmur

Mitral valve

Name the heart sound | - Close of the AV valve

Love

Name the heart sound | - Close of the semilunar valve

Dubb

Name the two blood circulations to the lungs and to the body

1. Superior or inferior vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> to lungs 2. Pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> ascending aorta --> to body

The moderator bands are only found in what heart chamber?

Right ventricle

What is the function of the moderator bands of the right ventricle?

Regulates heartbeat

Name the branch(es) of the aortic arch

1. Brachiocephalic trunk 2. Left common carotid 3. Left subclavian

Name the arteries of the celiac trunk

1. Left gastric artery 2. Splenic artery 3. Common hepatic artery

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

1. Ascending and transverse colons | 2. Small intestine

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

1. Descending colon 2. Sigmoid colon 3. Rectum

True or false? | Only the PNS can regenerate, the CNS cannot

True

The ______________ division of axon fibers in PNS take sensory information toward the CNS.

afferent

The ____________ division of the PNS takes motor information away from the PNS

efferent

Name the section of the spinal nerve: | Surrounds entire nerve

Epineurium

Name the section of the spinal nerve: | Surrounds a fascicle of fibers

Perineurium

Name the section of the spinal nerve: | Surrounds each axon or fiber

Endoneurium

Name the vertebrae included in the cervical plexus

C1-C4

Name the vertebrae included in the brachial plexus

C5-T1

Name the vertebrae included in the lumbar and sacral plexuses

L1-S4

How many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs - 24 total

What is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve?

Smell

Where does the olfactory nerve pass through?

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, opening is the olfactory foramen

What is the function of the optic cranial nerve?

Vision

Name the pathway of the cranial nerve #2

Retina --> lateral geniculate --> occipital lobe

REVIEW SESSION: | Name the layers of the heart

1. Pericardium 2. Epicardium 3. Myocardium 4. Endocardium

REVIEW SESSION: | What structures are in the right ventricle only?

1. Moderator bands | 2. Tricuspid valve

REVIEW SESSION: | The right ventricle pumps to the __________.

lungs only

REVIEW SESSION: | What structures are in the left ventricle only?

1. Bicuspid valve

REVIEW SESSION: | Why is the left ventricle thicker?

Pumps blood to the whole body

REVIEW SESSION: | The pulmonary circuit is between what structures?

Heart and lungs

REVIEW SESSION: | The systemic circuit is between what structures?

Heat and body

REVIEW SESSION: | When the ventricle contracts, what happens to the valves of the heart?

Bicuspid/tricuspid valves close | Aortic semilunar/pulmonary semilunar opens

REVIEW SESSION: | When the ventricle relaxes, what happens to the valves of the heart?

Bicuspid/tricuspid valves open | Aortic semilunar/pulmonary semilunar close

REVIEW SESSION: | Name the branches of the coronary sinus

1. small cardiac vein 2. middle cardiac vein 3. great cardiac vein

REVIEW SESSION: | The SA node is also known as the ________.

pacemaker

REVIEW SESSION: | What is the SA node pathway?

SA node --> AV node --> bundle of His | --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers

REVIEW SESSION: | In the cardiac cycle, what happens when the atrium contract?

Blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle through the bicuspid (mitral) valve

REVIEW SESSION: | In the cardiac cycle, what happens when the ventricle contracts?

Blood goes through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta

REVIEW SESSION: | What is systole?

Contraction of a chamber

REVIEW SESSION: | Name the blood vessel layers from outside to inside

1. Tunica externa 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica intima

REVIEW SESSION: | Why does blood stay in the veins longer?

Because the pressure is lower

REVIEW SESSION: | Clinical scenario: If you check the pulse on someone's wrist, what artery are you using?

Radial artery

REVIEW SESSION: | Clinical scenario: If you check the pulse on someone's neck, which artery are you using?

Common carotid artery

REVIEW SESSION: | What are examples of muscular arteries?

Radial, femoral, ulnar, popliteal, tibial, brachial

REVIEW SESSION: | What are examples of superficial veins?

Median cubital, basilic, cephalic, great saphenous

REVIEW SESSION: | What is the location of the continuous capillaries?

Nervous system, adipose tissue

REVIEW SESSION: | What are the location of the discontinuous (sinusoids) capillaries?

Kidney, intestines

REVIEW SESSION: | What is the location of the fenestrated capillaries?

Spleen

REVIEW SESSION: | If a drop of blood starts at the subclavian artery, where does it go after that to get to the hand?

Subclavian --> axillary --> brachial --> radial or ulnar

REVIEW SESSION: | If a drop of blood starts at the common iliac artery, where does it go after that to get to the foot?

Common iliac --> external iliac artery --> femoral artery

REVIEW SESSION: | Foramen ovale closes to form _____________.

Fossa ovalis

REVIEW SESSION: | Ductus arteriosum closes to form ______________.

Ligamentous arteriosum

REVIEW SESSION: | The CNS is made up of what structures?

Brain and spinal cord

REVIEW SESSION: | The PNS is made up of what structures?

Cranial and spinal nerves and branches

REVIEW SESSION: | What structures make up the brain stem?

1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla oblongata

Final Exam Flashcards

(233 cards)