Exam 1: lecture 1

Question 1

Roentgen submitted a report along with the x-ray of his wife’s hand to the society of Physics and Medical Science at the Unversity of _____?

Answer 1

Wurzburg

Question 2

_____ as a result from radiation was first reported in 1896.

Answer 2

Skin damage

Question 3

____ defined as a method of transporting energy through space, distinguished by wavelength, frequency, and energy. So in basic terms, how energy passes through space and matter.

Answer 3

Electromagnetic radiation

Question 4

_____ is described as the number of wave cycles that pass a single stationary point per second.

Answer 4

Frequency

Question 5

Frequency is measured in _____.

Answer 5

Hertz

Question 6

Wavelengths are measured in _____.

Answer 6

Nanometers

Question 7

Higher the frequency=

Answer 7

More penetrating power

Question 8

Shorter wavelength=

Answer 8

Greater energy

Question 9

Greater energy=

Answer 9

More penetrating power

Question 10

_____ results when fast moving particles bump into matter.

Answer 10

X-rays

Question 11

The x-ray tube is made of what two electrodes:

Answer 11

Cathode and Anode

Question 12

Electrons have a negative charge when located at the _____

Answer 12

Cathode

Question 13

Because of their negative electric charge, the electrons are pulled toward the ______

Answer 13

Positive anode

Question 14

When the electrons interact with the positive anode, a large amount of _____ is produced.

Answer 14

Energy

Question 15

The energy produced by the collision is divided into what two categories:

Answer 15

1% forms x-rays

99% released as heat

Question 16

Electrons are released when the wire filament is _____.

Answer 16

Heated

Question 17

The filament is made of tungsten because it has what?

Answer 17

Very high melting point

Question 18

The metal casing that surrounds the tube prevents?

Answer 18

Stray radiation from escaping

Question 19

Source of electrons

Answer 19

The cathode

Question 20

The cathode contains a wire filament that is heated by a _____ circuit.

Answer 20

Low-energy

Question 21

The amount of electrons that are produced is dependent of the amount of?

Answer 21

Heat applied to the filament

Question 22

The number of electrons produced in the electron cloud is under the control of milliamperes by controlling the?

Answer 22

Temperature of the cathode filament.

Question 23

_____ is defined as the amount of electrical energy being applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate electrons from the cathode to the anode.

Answer 23

Kilovoltage

Question 24

The Kilovoltage peak determines?

Answer 24

The penetrating power of the x-ray beam

Question 25

Is the measurement of the energy produced by the electrons traveling across the tube. Determines the quality and intensity of the beam.

Answer 25

Kilovoltage peak (kVp)

Question 26

The anode can withstand ____ temperatures.

Answer 26

High

Question 27

The area on the target within the anode that the electrons hit is known as the?

Answer 27

Focal spot

Question 28

The size of the focal spot is related to the ____ of the image.

Answer 28

Sharpness

Question 29

The two main types of anodes:

Answer 29

1. Stationary | 2. Rotating

Question 30

The stationary type of anode is not designed to?

Answer 30

Withstand high heat

Question 31

The variation in intensity of the primary beam is known as the?

Answer 31

Heel effect

Question 32

With the rotating type of anode, the intensity is greater towards the ____ side.

Answer 32

Cathode

Question 33

The distance from the target to the film?

Answer 33

Focal film distance

Question 34

The distance between the object being imaged and the film?

Answer 34

Object film distance

Question 35

The degree of blackness of the radiograph?

Answer 35

Radiographic density

Question 36

The difference in density between two areas on the radiograph?

Answer 36

Radiographic contrast

Question 37

Should you put the thicker portion of the animal near the anode side or the cathode side?

Answer 37

Thickest part should be located toward the cathode.

Question 38

In what situation/settings do you think the heel effect would be more noticeable? Why?

Answer 38

Large film size (large area covered): more area to cover, short source to image distance (focal film distance). Low kVp: less electrons reaching the anode.

Question 39

Determines the penetrating power of the x-ray?

Answer 39

Kilovoltage (kVp)

Question 40

Determines the amount of radiation produced?

Answer 40

Milliamperage (mA)

Question 41

Determines the total number of x-rays and the time they can be released from the x-ray tube to expose the film.

Answer 41

Milliamperage-second (mAs)

Question 42

Refers to the side the animal is lying on. | Example: Rt L= lying on right side

Answer 42

Lateral (beam direction)

Question 43

Beam direction where the beam enters the ventral side and exits the dorsal side. (belly up/back down)

Answer 43

Ventrodorsal (VD)

Question 44

Beam direction where the beam enters the dorsal side and exits the ventral side (belly down/back up)

Answer 44

Dorsoventral (DV)

Question 45

Obliques usually refers to the?

Answer 45

Limbs

Question 46

Tips for good radiographs:

Answer 46

1. Minimize radiation exposure 2. Use a caliper to measure the area to be radiographed. 3. Position film as close as possible to the area being radiographed.

Question 47

A caliper measures the area in _____?

Answer 47

Centimeters

Question 48

Other forms of electromagnetic radiation include:

Answer 48

Gamma rays, radio waves, visible light

Question 49

X-rays have shorter _____ than visible light.

Answer 49

Wavelengths

Question 50

Electron acceleration is controlled by?

Answer 50

kVp

Question 51

The number of electrons produced is controlled by?

Answer 51

mA

Question 52

The acceleration of electrons from cathode to anode is controlled by?

Answer 52

kVp

Question 53

The smaller the ___, the less heat is lost.

Answer 53

Focal spot

Question 54

The smaller the focal spot, the ____ the image.

Answer 54

Clearer