Exam 1: Lecture 2

Question 1

3 steps of PT evaluation:

Answer 1

1. Observe activities, ADL, rest
2. Comparison to normal movements
3. Analysis motor control

Question 2

5 Components of normal movement:

Answer 2

Trunk control
Head control
Midline orientation
Weight bearing 
Limb movement

Question 3

5 possible reasons one can’t perform functional activity

Answer 3

Abnormal tone
Abnormal movement 
Poor motor control
Poor strength
Limitation movement 
Pain 
Poor motivation 
Poor sensation

Question 4

May might limit outcome of treatment?

Answer 4

Pain
Cognition 
Motor planning
Perceptual deficits
Tone that won't change

Question 5

Brunnstroms stages of recovery for U/E:

Answer 5

1. Flaccidity *
2. Beginning of spasticity
3. Active initiation of synergy
4. Movements of deviating from synergy
5. Independent synergy
6. Isolated joint *

Question 6

How can a therapist aide normal mobility ?

Answer 6

motor control
train motor planning
strength muscles
ROM

Question 7

Brunnstrom stages for recovery for L/E

Answer 7

1. Flaccidity
2. Minimal voluntary mvmt
3. Hip-knee-flexion
4. Sitting knee with foot slide
5. standing, knee flexion
6. standing abduction

Question 8

Ashworth scale for spasticity:

Answer 8

0- no increase in tone *
1- slight increase 
2-marked increase, but parts still easily flexed
3-passive movement still difficult
4-rigid in flexion/ext. *

Question 9

Some common neuro impairments (symptoms):

Answer 9

Impaired: strength, muscle tone, ROM, sensation, balance

Question 10

Common paediatric conditions

Answer 10

down syndrome, cerebral palsy, spinal abifia

Question 11

What is positioning used for?

Answer 11

Improvement of head and trunk
Postural alignment
Decrease high muscle tone

Question 12

Continuum of tone

Answer 12

Hpotonia( floppy.flaccid)
Normal
Hypertonia (rigidity, spasticity)

Question 13

How is normal tone created?

Answer 13

Regulated by the brain and then to the muscle

Question 14

What is stretch reflex?

Answer 14

when a tendon is stimulated, the cue reaches the muscle spindle which makes the muscle react. Can do with any muscle

Question 15

Explain corticospinal tract

Answer 15

Descending tract that cross over at medulla (carries signals down spine)

Question 16

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 16

Carries sensory from spine to thalamus

Question 17

Components of spinal cord

Answer 17

Ventral- motor neurons

Dorsal- sensory

Question 18

3 diseases that could cause an upper motor lesion

Answer 18

brain injury, CVA, parkinsons

Question 19

Signs of a UMN:

Answer 19

Exaggerated reflexes- hypertonicity. Weakness and postive Babinski

Question 20

3 diseases that could cause LMN:

Answer 20

Polio, trauma, tumors

Question 21

Signs of LMN:

Answer 21

weakness, paralysis, and hypotonia

Question 22

What is an optimal position for neuro ?

Answer 22

90 degrees, feet flat and supported, head in alignment with shoulder

Question 23

Facilitation techniques

Answer 23

Contract over agonist
quick stretch 
stimulate proprioceptors
tapping/ stroking muscle 
visual cues 
quick ice

Question 24

Inhibiting techniques:

Answer 24

Compression of joint
Heat
calm environment 
Rocking body 
calm voice 
passive ROM

Question 25

PNF stand for?

Answer 25

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Question 26

What is PNF improves what?

Answer 26

ROM, strength, flexibility.

Question 27

Components of PNF:

Answer 27

``` Manual contacts Quick stretch Resistance Timing of movements Patterns of movement ```