Exam 1: Lecture 6

Question 1

3 Layers of meninges

Answer 1

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 2

Meninges Function

Answer 2

1. Protect and support CNS
2. Connect brain and spinal cord to the skull and spinal canal
3. Form protective barrier that safeguards the sensitive organs of CNS against trauma
4. Contain and ample supply of blood vessels that deliver blood to CNS tissue
5. Produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 3

Meningococcal Disease

Answer 3

refer to any illness that is caused by the type of bacterial called Neisseria meningitides (aka Meningococcus)

often severe and include infections of lining of brain + spinal cord and bloodstream infections

bacteria spread through exchange pf respiratory and throat secretions

can be treated with antibiotics, but quick medical attention is extremely important

Vaccines are best defense

Question 4

Bacterial Meningitis organisms

Answer 4

Neisseria meningitides = gram - coccus
Streptococcus pneumoniae = Gram + coccus
Haemopilus influenza = Gram - rod

Question 5

Bacterial Meningitis transmission

Answer 5

Respiratory droplets, direct contact, fomites

Question 6

Bacterial Meningitis Portal of entry

Answer 6

Respiratory tract

Question 7

Bacterial Meningitis treatment

Answer 7

broad spectrum antibiotics admin immediately

Question 8

Bacterial Meningitis prevention

Answer 8

immunization, isolation of patients, prophylactic antibiotics for close contact

Question 9

Bacterial Meningitis diagnosis

Answer 9

from signs/symptoms

culture of organisms from spinal fluid

Question 10

Meningitis symptoms

Answer 10

Severe headache
Rash
Stiff neck
Nausea
Vomiting
Lethargy
Sensitivity to light
High Fever

Question 11

Complications of Bacterial meningitis

Answer 11

can lead to stroke or brain damage

other:
Memory problems
Hearing loss
paralysis
Kidney Failure
body-wide infection and shock
Movement problems
Learning disabilities

Question 12

Preventing spread of Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 12

some types can be prevented with vaccines

other ways:
Keeping immune system healthy
Quit smoking
Get plenty of rest
Follow healthy diet
avoid close contact with anyone thats sick

Question 13

Strep throat Organisms

Answer 13

Streptococcus pyogenes: grup A,B or C streptococcus = Gram + coccus

Question 14

Strep throat transmission

Answer 14

Direct contact
Respiratory droplets
indirect by fomites

Question 15

Strep throat Portal of entry

Answer 15

Respiratory system

Question 16

Strep throat prevention

Answer 16

isolation of infected patient

Question 17

Strep throat treatment

Answer 17

Antibiotics, rest

Question 18

Strep throat diagnosis

Answer 18

rapid strep test

culture of organisms

Question 19

Strep throat disease mechanism

Answer 19

1. Bacterium S.pyogenes is B-hemolytic (lyses red blood cells via exotoxin streptomycin) and uses proteins to help evade phagocytosis. These processes allow for colonization in the throat/skin
2. presence of bacteria in throat brings red/white blood cells, causing inflammation
3. strep throat is attributed with feeling of a sore throat due to swelling of the mucous membranes in the pharynx including the tonsils

Question 20

Strep throat spread

Answer 20

Lack of hand washing is largest cause of spread

airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing that come in contact with another persons mouth, sharing food and drinks too

Question 21

Bacteria causing Otitis media

Answer 21

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 22

Acute Otitis Media

Answer 22

inflammation of middle ear

Following bacterial infection of Upper Respiratory system bacteria can travel from nasopharynx to middle ear via Eustachian tube

Lots of nose blowing, pressure changes, and perforation of membrane help tendency in forming acute otitis media

Question 23

Acute Otitis Media Chain of events

Answer 23

1. infection of upper respiratory system
2. swelling of Eustachian tube
3. Altering of pressure in the middle ear
4. Bacteria arrive in middle ear
5. inflammation

Question 24

Drug of choice Acute Otitis Media

Answer 24

Amoxicillin in both children and adults

adults get higher dose

Question 25

Bacterial Pneumonias (3 causes)

Answer 25

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae

infection of lungs characterized by inflammation and filling alveoli with fluid in addition to fevers, cough, chest pain and chills

Question 26

Influenza organism

Answer 26

Influenza virus (Type A,B,C) enveloped RNA virus

Question 27

Influenza Transmission

Answer 27

Respiratory droplets

Question 28

Influenza Portal of entry

Answer 28

Respiratory system

Question 29

Influenza treatment

Answer 29

Antiviral ( zanamivir and oseltamivir)
bed rest
fever reduction
respiratory support if needed

Question 30

Cold Vs Allergies

Answer 30

Cold:
Aches,Fever, yellow mucus

Allergy:
Itchy/watery eyes,Thin/watery mucus

Both:
Cough, Fatigue, Sore throat, Runny or stuffy nose

Question 31

Bacterial endocarditis causes

Answer 31

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococci

Question 32

Endocarditis

Answer 32

Inflammation of endocardium (inner heart muscle lining)

Rapid destruction of heart valves leads to death

Tx = penicillin

Question 33

Lyme disease signs

Answer 33

“classic” erythema migrans rash
Facial palsy
Swollen knee

Question 34

Symptoms of Lyme disease

Answer 34

Headache
Hearing loss + paralysis of face*
Muscle soreness
Erythema migrans*
Heart complicaitons
Nausea/Vomiting
Fever/Chills/Fatigue/Weakness

Question 35

Stage 1 Lyme disease

Answer 35

Early localized: days

- Erythema migrans rash at tick bite site

Question 36

Stage 2 Lyme disease

Answer 36

Early disseminated: weeks

• flu like illness
• cardiac, neurologic

Question 37

Stage 3 Lyme disease

Answer 37

Late: months to years

• Lyme arthritis
• Encephalopathy or Neuropathy

Question 38

Lyme disease Treatment

Answer 38

Oral Antibiotics: early stage

Doxycycline for adults/children 8+
Amox, cefuroxime for adult, < 8, preg, Breast-feeding women

Generally recovery will be quicker and more complete the sooner treatment begins