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BSC 2010 - Biology I > Exam # 1 - Lecture Notes 1-6 > Flashcards

Exam # 1 - Lecture Notes 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the eight characteristics of life?

A

1) Regulated
2) Responsive
3) Reproduces
4) Uses energy
5) Grows
6) Carries instructions
7) Complex/ordered
8) Well-adapted

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2
Q

Does a bacteria cell qualify as life?

A

Yes, absolutely

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3
Q

Is a virus alive?

A

No. The virus is not alive because it depends so fundamentally on the cell in order to accomplish the qualities of life

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4
Q

Nothing less than a ____ is alive.

A

cell

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5
Q

What did Stanley Miller get when he did his experiment?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

How many elements occur naturally?

A

92

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7
Q

How many elements are essential to life?

A

25

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8
Q

Which four elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

CHON

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9
Q

Which elements make up the remaining 4%?

A

Na, P, S, Ca, K, Mg, Cl

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10
Q

The remaining fourteen elements are each present less than ___%. These elements are called _____ elements.

A

.01%. Trace

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11
Q

If the human body lacks iodine you get ______.

A

goiter

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12
Q

Atoms combine into ________.

A

molecules

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13
Q

______ are used for individual atoms and molecules…really tiny matter that you can’t even see.

A

Dalton’s

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14
Q

The electron is important for two reasons, what are those two reasons?

A

1) Chemical bonding

2) Storing energy - POTENTIAL ENERGY

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15
Q

______ are atoms that vary in their number of neutrons.

A

Isotopes

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16
Q

If you are studying the chemistry of the cell, this is referred to as…

A

metabolism

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17
Q

In biology, it’s not electrons flowing through a copper wire…it’s electrons in…

A

biological molecules

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18
Q

Why are different elements required for life? Does it matter where an element is on the periodic table? Does it tell us anything about its properties?

A

Yeah, HOW IT REACTS

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19
Q

The various atoms want to fill…

A

their outer shells

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20
Q

Behavior depends on the ______ electrons.

A

valence

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21
Q

What are electrons called in the outer shell?

A

Valence electrons

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22
Q

Which theory more accurately describes an electrons position in space?

A

Orbital theory

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23
Q

How many orbitals are contained in the first shell?

A

One orbital

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24
Q

What’s the orbital called in the first shell and what’s its shape?

A

s orbital, spherical

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25
Q

How many orbitals are found in the second shell?

A

FOUR orbitals

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26
Q

How many electrons does one orbital hold?

A

TWO electrons

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27
Q

The first shell can hold a maximum of ___ electrons. The second shell can hold ____ orbitals, and each one can hold a maximum of _____ electrons.

A

two, four, two

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28
Q

The _____ rule means you want to have _____ electrons.

A

octet rule, eight electrons

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29
Q

If you’re hydrogen, you want to have ____ electrons to complete your shell, since only one electron fills its first shell.

A

two

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30
Q

When a hydrogen bonds with another hydrogen, it forms a covalent bond. H-H. That new hydrogen is no longer an atom, but a ________.

A

molecule.

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31
Q

How many covalent bonds will oxygen form?

A

TWO COVALENT BONDS because it already has six electrons in its second shell.

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32
Q

Define a molecule…

A

Atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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33
Q

How many covalent bonds does phosphorus form?

A

FIVE covalent bonds. Three single covalent and two double covalent

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34
Q

Phosphorus in biology is typically bonded to _______.

A

oxygen

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35
Q

Is water charged?

A

NO, WATER IS NOT CHARGED

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36
Q

There are _____ charges within water due to unequal sharing of electrons.

A

partial

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37
Q

Is having partial charges within a molecule the same thing as being charged?

A

No.

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38
Q

Where do you expect partial charges to be in the biological molecule?

A

CHON

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39
Q

In CHON, which are more electronegative and which are less electronegative?

A

More electronegative = O and N

Less electronegative = C and H

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40
Q

What happens when you get either O and N with either C or H?

A

You get partial charge

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41
Q

We are ______ based.

A

carbon

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42
Q

If your biological molecule has either _____ or _____ in it…you’ll have partial charge.

A

Oxygen or nitrogen

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43
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A bond where the sharing of electrons are unequal

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44
Q

Oxygen contains two polar/non-polar covalent bonds?

A

two non-polar covalent bonds because they have equal electronegativity, and also because their electrons share equally

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45
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

A bond where the electrons equally share

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46
Q

Hydrogen contains a polar/non-polar covalent bond?

A

non-polar covalent bond

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47
Q

Is methane polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar because no partial charge and the electrons share equally

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48
Q

Name the four weak interactions

A

ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions and hydrophobic interactions

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49
Q

Ionic bond, weak or strong in biology?

A

WEAK

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50
Q

Compounds held together ionically are called _____.

A

salts

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51
Q

Can a molecule be an ion?

A

Yes

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52
Q

Ammonium chloride…what is that?

A

The chloride is an anion and the ammonium is actually the cation…it has a positive charge…so they stick together…salt

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53
Q

Inorganic phosphate….molecule?

A

Yes, it’s a molecule…BUT IT’S ALSO AN ION BECAUSE WE GAINED AN ELECTRON!

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54
Q

Bio molecules usually bear partial and full charges which dictates their _______ and _______.

A

structures and functions

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55
Q

What’s the charge of DNA?

A

Negative charge because of the ACID

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56
Q

The strength of an ionic bond depends on the _______.

A

environment

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57
Q

In water, ionic bonds have _/__ the strength of covalent bonds.

A

1/10th

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58
Q

The cell itself is __% water.

A

70%

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59
Q

What is required in a hydrogen bond?

A

1) hydrogen - must have a partial charge

2) the hydrogen needs to be bonded to oxygen or nitrogen

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60
Q

Are hydrogens in water suited for hydrogen bonding?

A

Absolutely

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61
Q

Van der Waals interactions can occur between…

A

two non-polar chemical groups

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62
Q

Van der Waals interactions can occur between two non-polar chemical groups which means…

A

no partial charge

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63
Q

What are transient partial charges?

A

Temporary, brief, not permanent

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64
Q

Hydrophobic interactions can also occur between…

A

two non-polar chemical groups

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65
Q

What chemical groups don’t like water?

A

non-polar chemical groups don’t like water

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66
Q

Why don’t non-polar chemical groups like water?

A

They’re not charged…they don’t have partial charge.

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67
Q

What are the two ways in which weak interactions are important?

A

Weak interactions work both intermolecularly and intramolecularly…
They work intErmolecularly to hold two molecules togEther.
They work intrAmolecularly to establish the molecule’s 3D shApe.

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68
Q

What four reasons determine shape?

A

1) which atoms are bonded to each other
2) the orbitals
3) Intramolecular weak interactions
4) Environmental conditions - oil sticks together in water

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69
Q

When covalent bonds form, valance shell orbitals _______ and _______.

A

combine and rearrange

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70
Q

Which atoms among CHON does this type of hybridization pertain to?

A

Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen

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71
Q

Sp3 hybridizations happens when these three atoms form…

A

SINGLE COVALENT BONDS

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72
Q

When a carbon forms with hydrogen to form methane, you get…

A

SP3 HYBRIDIZATION. SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.

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73
Q

What is it that makes the chain fold?

A

Weak interactions

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74
Q

__________ weak interactions help determine shape.

A

intramolecular

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75
Q

At chemical equilibrium, what is equal?

A

The rates forwards and the rates backwards

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76
Q

Does equilibrium happen in the cells?

A

NO. Equilibrium is a principle that is applicable to the test tube where we can isolate a reaction.
Reactions in the cell run in metabolic pathways, THERE IS NO EQUILIBRIUM IN THE CELL.

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77
Q

When did the Earth form?

A

4.54 billion years ago

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78
Q

When did life appear?

A

3-4 billion years ago

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79
Q

How long did life remain in water?

A

About 3 billion years

80
Q

How many years ago did life move to land?

A

About 500 million years ago

81
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can a single water form?

A

FOUR

82
Q

Water sticks to itself…this is called _______.

A

cohesion

83
Q

Water sticks to other substances that have partial or full charge…this is called ________.

A

adhesion

84
Q

Water also has high ______ _____.

A

high specific heat

85
Q

Why does it take a lot of energy to increase temperature in water?

A

First you have to break the hydrogen bonds. So energy goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds, and then the water molecules start moving more quickly. It takes more heat.

86
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A molecule that is over a 1000 daltons

87
Q

Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic…

A 
Hydrophilic = water loving. Something that is hydrophilic does not mean a substance is also soluble. 
Hydrophobic = water fearing. Avoid water.
88
Q

A mole weighs the number of _____ of an atom or molecule that is numerically equivalent as the number of ______ in its atomic weight.

A

grams, daltons

89
Q

1 atom of carbon would weigh…

A

12 daltons

90
Q

A mole of carbon would weigh…

A

12 grams

91
Q

What does a mole of sucrose weigh? (C12H22O11)

A

12x12 + 22x1 + 11x16 = 342 daltons.

92
Q

How many molecules does a mole of sucrose (342 daltons) weigh?

A

342 x 6.02x10^23

93
Q

Ethanol weighs 46g…how many molecules does it contain?

A

6.02x10^23 molecules

94
Q

How many daltons are equal to one gram?

A

6.02x10^23

95
Q

How many atoms are in a mole of sucrose (C12H22O11)?

A

12 + 22 + 11 = 45 atoms.

45 x 6.02x10^23

96
Q

A substance is a base if it ______ the proton concentration.
An acid is a substance that will ______ the proton concentration by dissociating.

A

reduces, increase

97
Q

Cellular pH is maintained by _______.

A

buffers

98
Q

What did vitalism say?

A

Biological molecules are the result of a life force

99
Q

Wöhler did an experiment that contradicted vitalism. He took the compound _________ _______ and he converted it into ____.

A

ammonium cyanate, urea

100
Q

What is the structure of ethane?

A

Two tetrahedral pointing directly at each other

101
Q

What do double bonds do to the shape of the molecule?

A

They create a planer. Flat.

102
Q

What are compounds made up or carbon an hydrogen called?

A

Hydrocarbons

103
Q

Hydrocarbons are….

A

ENERGY-RICH

104
Q

Why are hydrocarbon’s energy rich?

A

NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS. Non-polar covalent bonds make for very energetic molecules.

105
Q

When a hydroxyl is present in a chemical group, what does it make that chemical group?

A

An alcohol

106
Q

If you have a hydroxyl, you are technically an ______.

A

alcohol

107
Q

What’s important about carboxyl groups?

A

They have a tendency to ionize…

108
Q

What will the charge of a single carboxyl group contribute to a molecule?

A

1- (negative). Also think, carboxylic acid (1-)

109
Q

Why is pH important?

A

It dictates the behavior of ions

110
Q

At cellular pH, if you have a carboxyl group, then you’ll lose your…

A

proton and then you will have a unit of negative charge. Now you can stick to something positive.

111
Q

What is the most important biomolecule?

A

Protein

112
Q

What is the building block of a polymer called?

A

Monomer

113
Q

The molecular chain is called a _______.

A

Polymer

114
Q

Adding one monomer to another monomer, one at a time, is the way that we build all basic polymers. This is called a _______ reaction because we…

A

dehydration reaction because we removed water.

115
Q

Dehydration reactions require/releases energy?

A

Require energy, just like it requires energy to build a house of cards

116
Q

To build a polymer of four monomers, you need…

A

three dehydration reactions

117
Q

We can disassemble polymers…we call this _______.

A

digestion

118
Q

Now…adding a water molecule we are breaking with water…what is this called?

A

hydrolysis

119
Q

A hydrolysis reaction requires/releases energy?

A

Releases energy. Just as energy is released, the house of cards tumbles down

120
Q

Building ______ energy, breaking ______ energy.

A

requires, releases

121
Q

Which reaction consumes water? USES water?

A

Hydrolysis

122
Q

Which reaction produces water?

A

Dehydration

123
Q

Where else does hydrolysis happen?

A

Digestion, outside the cells

124
Q

Carbohydrates are effectively _______.

A

sugars

125
Q

The sugar is the _______.

A

monomer

126
Q

If you put two monosaccharides together, you get what?

A

A disaccharide

127
Q

If you put anywhere from 3-50 monosaccharides together…you get an ___________.

A

oligosaccharide

128
Q

More than 50 monosaccharides you are a ___________.

A

polysaccharide

129
Q

What’s the name of the covalent bond holding all the monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic linkages

130
Q

The ___________ gives you energy. Sugar!

A

monosaccharide

131
Q

If you already have energy, you could instead use the monomer for construction, to build a _______.

A

polymer

132
Q

If you got energy, you don’t have to make ATP immediately, you can _____ ______.

A

store energy

133
Q

How do you store energy?

A

By building a polymer

134
Q

The _______ is the form for storing sugar.

A

polymer

135
Q

Cellulose is a structural __________.

A

polysaccharide

136
Q

A true monosaccharide is some multiple of _____.

A

CH2O

137
Q

Is sucrose a monosaccharide?

A

No. C12H22O11 is not a multiple of CH2O

138
Q

When different chemicals share the same molecular formula, meaning they have the same number of atoms, the name is an ______.

A

isomer

139
Q

_____ are chemicals with the same atoms arranged differently.

A

Isomers

140
Q

Which of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are macromolecules?

A

Everything but lipids

141
Q

Which of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids form polymers?

A

Everything but lipids

142
Q

Which atoms in monosaccharides are found in CHON?

A

CHO

143
Q

Name two functional groups found in monosaccharides…

A

carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

144
Q

In an aqueous environment, monosaccharides form ____.

A

rings

145
Q

Because (these) carbon atoms are joined by ______ _____ _____, you can rotate them.

A

single covalent bonds

146
Q

When carbon forms single covalent bonds…it undergoes…

A

SP3 HYBRIDIZATION

147
Q

What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

Alpha glucose is where the hydroxyl group is trapped below the ring, by looking at the position of carbon number one.
Beta glucose is where the hydroxyl group is trapped above the ring, by looking at the position of carbon number one.
Alpha glucose (Armadillos on the ground), Beta glucose (Birds in the sky)

148
Q

How come when two glucoses (C6H12O6) form maltose the molecular formula isn’t C12H22O12?

A

Dehydration removes a water. There are two products of this reaction, maltose (C12H22O11) and water (H20)

149
Q

Sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

150
Q

Maltose =

A

glucose + glucose

151
Q

Lactose =

A

glucose + galactose

152
Q

What are the three disaccharides found in your diet?

A

Sucrose, maltose and lactose

153
Q

What are the three monosaccharides found in your diet?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

154
Q

Sucrose, maltose and lactose are all _______.

A

isomers. They all have the molecular formula C12H22O11.

155
Q

What are the two functions of polysaccharides?

A

1) Storage

2) Structure

156
Q

______ and _______ STORE sugar.

________, _____ and _________ FORM STRUCTURE.

A

Starch and glycogen store sugar

Cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan form structure

157
Q

Polysaccharide starch has a ______ polymer.

A

glucose

158
Q

What do plants do with their excess glucose?

A

They’ve got enough glucose, so they have to store it somewhere…what do they do? They put it into chains. THEY BUILD STARCH.

159
Q

Where is starch stored in plants?

A

In the chloroplast

160
Q

What is the structure of the starch polysaccharide?

A

A helix

161
Q

Why does starch branch?

A

If you have a branching structure…there’s more ends to the enzyme can find the end more often to build/break.

162
Q

Can humans break down starch?

A

Yes

163
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

164
Q

Enzymes typically end in the three letters -___.

A

-ase

165
Q

Is there a difference between the structure of glycogen and starch?

A

No, ITS THE SAME THING.

166
Q

Why are the structures of starch and glycogen the same?

A

Because they are both made from alpha glucose

167
Q

Who uses glycogen to store sugar?

A

Animals

168
Q

In mammals, glycogen is primarily stored in the _____ and the _______.

A

liver and the muscle

169
Q

Cellulose is found in _____.

A

plants

170
Q

What is the barrier that surrounds every single cell?

A

Cell membrane

171
Q

Cellulose is a major component of the cell _____.

A

wall

172
Q

What is wood and cotton made out of?

A

Cellulose

173
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound?

A

Cellulose

174
Q

Is cellulose alpha or beta glucose?

A

BETA GLUCOSE

175
Q

Does cellulose branch?

A

NO.

176
Q

The plant uses _____ glucose for making starch and storage.

The plant uses _____ glucose for my body (structure).

A

alpha

beta

177
Q

Amylase is the enzyme that ______ starch.

A

hydrolyses

178
Q

Does amylase hydrolyze cellulose?

A

No

179
Q

Amylase digests ______, starch is made from _____ glucose…amylase cannot digest ______….cellulose is made from ____ glucose.

A

starch, alpha, cellulose, beta

180
Q

Is chitin made of glucose?

A

NO. It’s a DERIVATIVE of glucose. It’s made from N-acetylglucosamine, “NAG”

181
Q

Of _____…the structural material is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.

A

chitin

182
Q

The cell wall of fungi is made of _____.

A

chitin

183
Q

The structural polysaccharide peptidoglycan is going to make up a ____ ____.

A

cell wall

184
Q

Peptidoglycan makes up the cell wall of who?

A

Bacteria

185
Q

What are the three organisms that have a cell wall?

A

Plants, fungi, bacteria

186
Q

Do lipids form polymers?

A

NO

187
Q

Lipids are a _____ chemical group

A

diverse

188
Q

What’s the only one quality all lipids share?

A

They’re hydrophobic

189
Q

We can build larger lipids through ________.

A

dehydration

190
Q

Lipids store ______.

A

energy

191
Q

Lipids also serve _______ roles.

A

structural

192
Q

_____ _____ is the simplest of all lipids.

A

Fatty acid

193
Q

What’s the structure of lipids?

A

LONG chain of hydrocarbon

194
Q

Why is the long chain of hydrocarbon zig-zagging?

A

SP3 HYBRIDIZATION. SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.

195
Q

What is attached at the two ends of the fatty acid?

A

A carboxyl group and a methyl group

196
Q

What do we call fatty acids with no double bonds?

A

Saturated

197
Q

What do we call fatty acids with double bonds?

A

Unsaturated

BSC 2010 - Biology I (9 decks)

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