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Biochem 2 > Exam 1 material > Flashcards

Exam 1 material Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

4th of the 4 group of major biological macromolecules.

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Major types of nucleic acid are

A

DNA & RNA

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3
Q

DNA & RNA are polymers of _________

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

Nucleotides are composed of 3 components

A

Nitrogenous base

Pentose sugar

Phosphate group

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5
Q

A _______ is a nucleotide without the phosphate.

A

Nucleoside

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6
Q

DNA contains nucleotides composed of ________.

A

Deoxyribose

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7
Q

RNA contains nucleotides composed of ________.

A

ribose

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8
Q

A nucleotide of DNA contains one of the following nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

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9
Q

Which two nucleotides are purines? and pyrimidines?

A

Adenine Guanine are purines

Cytosine thymine are pyrimidines

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10
Q

A nucleotide of RNA contains the same nitrogenous bases except _______.

& _______ is presented instead.

A

Thymine

Uracil

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11
Q

Nucleotides are linked to each other covalently by __________ bonds.

A

phosphodiester

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12
Q

Nucleotide polymers exhibit _________.

Two examples:

A

Directionality

DNA & RNA

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13
Q

Nucleotide polymers also exhibit _________, determined by the sequence of bases.

A

Individuality

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14
Q

Phosphodiester bonds are very ______. Broken by ________.

A

Stable

Nucleases

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15
Q

Phosphodiester bonds undergo slow, ________ _______ when isolated from cells.

A

Non-emzymatic hydrolysis

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16
Q

RNA is rapidly hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions, but DNA is not? Why?

A

The presence or absence of the hydroxyl group of 2’

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17
Q

DNA is most often found as a __________ molecule, twisted in a _________ shape. The DNA strands are _______

A

Double stranded

Helical

Anti-parallel

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18
Q

2 DNA strands that make up dsDNA are ________.

A

complimentary

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19
Q

G always ______ hydrogen bonds with __ to form G_ base pairs.

A

Triple

C

GC

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20
Q

A always _____ hydrogen bonds with __ to from A_ base pairs.

A

Double

T

AT

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21
Q

This structual property allows for __________.

A

DNA self replication

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22
Q

dsDNA can exhibit unusual structures that are __________.

2 examples :

A

sequence dependent

Palindrome

Mirror repeat

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23
Q

If both strands are present they form a _________

A
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24
Q

What is not Sequence dependent?

A

Supercoiling

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25
When dsDNA \_\_\_\_\_\_ (loses its 2\* structure) when H-bonds break.
Denatures
26
What kind of interaction are H-bonds?
Weak interactions
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ & _______ cause dsDNA to denature.
High temperatures and pH extremes
28
The temp at which a molecule of DNA is 50% denatures is the ___ .
Tm (melting temperature)
29
Tm is _________ on the base compostition of the DNA.
dependent
30
The _________ effect when dsDNA denatures?
Hyperchromic
31
dsDNA absorbs ____ of light. Following denaturation, the amount of ___ light absorbed is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
260nm 260nm Greater
32
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_increases due to decreased base stacking.
Absorbance
33
The base sequence of a strand of DNA can be determined by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (3words)
Sanger sequence method
34
Today, what is still preferred DNA sequencer method?
Sanger sequence method
35
Sequence reaction mixtures contain: List the 5 things
1. Denatured DNA to be sequenced 2. DNA polymerase 3. A short oligonucleotide to serve as the primer for DNA polymerase. 4. Mixtures of the 4 dNTPs 5. ddNTP (dideoxynucleosidetriphosphate) serving as chain terminators.
36
Bottom of the gel represents the ___ end.
5'
37
Lowest band tells you what \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
kind of fragment it is
38
There are __ different dyes, each emitting their own wavelengths once they're excited.
4
39
Separating fragments by \_\_\_\_.
size
40
The detector detects the ________ & what the _______ emission off the band.
fluorescence maximum
41
The nucleotide sequence of DNA encodes the primary structure of all RNAs and proteins, and through enzymes, indirectly affect the synthesis of all other cellular constituents, it is imperative for organisms to be able to make copies of this information, during what process?
DNA replication
42
The passage of information from DNA, to RNA and protein guides the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, & _______ of every living thing.
size shape function
43
Each DNA strand serves as a template (pattern\_ for the synthesis of a new, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
complimentary DNA strand
44
Each new Dna molecules has one old strand and one new strand, this is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Semiconservative replication
45
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ was proved by meselson & stahl in the late 1950's
Semiconservative DNA replication
46
DNA is divided into 3 stages, what is the first stage?
1. Initiation of Replication - begins at the origin or replication called the oriC.
47
DNA is divided into 3 stages, what is the second stage?
2. Elongation - synthesis of new DNA
48
DNA is divided into 3 stages, what is the third stage?
3. Termination - replication forks meet and synthesis ends.
49
Begins at the origin or replication called oriC.
Initiation of replication
50
Synthesis of new DNA
Elongation
51
Replication forks meet and synthesis ends.
Termination
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_ must open so that synthesis of new DNA can occur on single strands.
dsDNA
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ catalyzes synthesis in a 5' ---\> 3' direction.
DNA polymerase
54
What contains 245 base pairs?
OriC
55
Binding of the DnaA protein results in the formation of a _________ .
Loop structure
56
Binding of the HU protein, DnaB protein and Dna C protein cause _____ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Localized DNA melting
57
prevents annealing of the ssDNA back to dsDNA, \_\_\_- _____ \_\_\_\_\_ _____ attach to the ssDNA.
58
59
In stage 2 -Elongation. once a small, melted area of DNA has been formed during initiation, ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_ can begin.
DNA synthesis
60
Synthesis will occur on each of the two strands of ssDNA essentially \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
simultaneously
61
During leading strand synthesis, primase binds and synthesizes a \_\_\_-\_\_\_ nt long RNA primer. Primase is part of a larger protein complex called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
10-60 nt long, Primosome
62
Dna polymerase ||| binds to the primer and begins synthesizing new DNA by adding \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
deoxynucleotides
63
Once replication begins it doesn't stop, and only needs ____ primer on leading strand.
one
64
During lagging strand synthesis, primase synthesizes a \_\_\_\_\_ RNA primer.
short
65
The short DNA fragments is called an ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
okazaki fragments
66
The primosome moves along the ______ strand, keeping pace ith the opening ____ \_\_\_\_\_. At intervals it synthesizes RNA primers.
lagging strand, replication fork
67
DNA polymerase ||| adds deoxynucleotides to the ends of the primer to make ________ \_\_\_\_.
complimentary DNA
68
RNA primers are removed by the 5'--\>3' exonuclease activity of \_\_\_\_\_
DNA polymerase |
69
DNA polymerase | fills the gap left by the removed RNA by adding \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
deoxynucleotides
70
a missing phosphodiester bond is called
a nick
71
A _____ ( a missing phosphodiester bond) is left after removal of primers by DNA polymerase |. The nicked are sealed by ___ \_\_\_\_.
nick, DNA ligase
72
BActeria cells actually contain \_\_ different DNA polymerases.
3
73
DNA polymerase || is involved in ___ typer of DNA repair.
one
74
A few differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication:
-eukaryotic chromosomes are up to 1000x larger than prokaryotic. - eukaryotic DNA has multiple origins of replication. -Nucleosomes must be disassembled before replication. - Okazaki fragments are smaller in eukaryotes.
75

Biochem 2 (7 decks)

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