test questions Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
1) What are the two major types of nucleic acids? _________________, and _________________.
A
DNA & RNA
2
Q
2) ______________ polymerize to form DNA and RNA
A
Nucleotides
3
Q
3) Nucleosides are different from nucleotides because they don’t have a ____________________.
A
Phosphate group
4
Q
4) The three main components of nucleotides are a _________________, _________________, and _________________.
A
Nitrougenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
5
Q
5) Nucleotides are linked together by _____________________________.
A
phosphodiester bonds
6
Q
6) The two nitrogenous base purines are _________________, and _________________.
A
adenine and guanine
7
Q
7) The three nitrogenous base pyrimidines are _________________, _________________, and _________________.
A
cytosine, thymine, uracil
8
Q
8) Guanine is found in a strand of DNA. What is the name of the Nucleotide? _________________.
A
deoxyguanylate
9
Q
9) Adenine is found in a strand of RNA. What is the name of the Nucleoside? _________________.
A
adenosine
10
Q
10) Deoxycytidylate is a _________________ (Nucleoside/Nucleotide) found in _________________ (DNA/RNA).
A
nucleotide and dna
11
Q
11) Uridine is a _________________ (Nucleoside/Nucleotide) found in _________________ (DNA/RNA).
A
nucleoside and rna
12
Q
12) The sugar found in RNA is _________________.
A
ribose
13
Q
13) Label the ends of this short DNA strand as either 3’ or 5’: ___-GGTACGACCTAG-___.
A
5’ 3’
14
Q
14) There are ____ hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine and ____ hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine/uracil.
A
3, 2
15
Q
15) A _________________ cleaves phosphodiester bonds WITHIN a polynucleotide chain.
A
endonuclease
16
Q
16) A _________________ cleaves phosphodiester bonds at the end of a polynucleotide chain.
A
exonuclease
17
Q
17) Alkalinity degrades _____ (DNA/RNA) but not _____ (DNA/RNA).
A
RNA DNA
18
Q
18) The strand:
C-A-C-G-A-T-T _ A-A-T-C-G-T-G
G-T-G-C-T-A-A _ T-T-A-G-C-A-C
is an example of a _________________.
A
palindrome
19
Q
19) The strand:
A-A-T-C-G-T-G _ G-T-G-C-T-A-A
is an example of a _________________.
A
mirror repeat
20
Q
20) When a strand of DNA has an inverted repeat (aka palindrome) that is separated by a few nucleotides then it can form a _________________ structure with itself.
A
hairpin
21
Q
21) When two of the hairpins form at the same location on opposite strands of DNA it is called a _________________ structure.
A
cruciform
22
Q
22) A large loop formed from double-stranded DNA is called a _________________.
A
supercoil
23
Q
23) True or False? DNA denaturation means breaking phosphodiester bonds.
A
false
24
Q
24) When double-stranded DNA has completely denatured, then it is said to be in its _________________ ___________ state.
A
random coil
25
26) GCTACACCGA would have a _________________ (higher/lower) melting temperature than GGTAACTCAT.
higher
26
27) Renaturation is also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
annealing
27
28) A partially denatured sample of DNA absorbs 260nm light more strongly than an unaltered sample of DNA. This is known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
hyperchromic effect
28
29) What enzyme relieves the strain of super coiled DNA?
Dna gyrase aka topoisomerase
29
Base pair
the pairing together of complementary nucleotides by hydrogen bonding
30
31) Define the term “Dinucleotide.”
two nucleotides linked together by a phosphodiester bond to form a single chain
31
32) Define the term “Melting Temperature (Tm)” as it applies to DNA.
the point at which 50% of a sample of double stranded DNA denatures
32
33) What is the preferred method of sequencing DNA? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Sanger sequencing method
33
35) True or False? The Primer used for sequencing DNA must be identical to the template strand?
false- it must be complimentary
34
34) Double-stranded DNA cannot be sequenced as is and must first be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
denatured
35
36) List the components needed for a single Sanger sequencing reaction mixture: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
denatured dna, dna polymerase, short oligonucleotide, a mixture of 4 dntps, amd 1 of the 4 ddNTPs, buffer
36
37) “dNTP” stands for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
deoxynucleoside triphosphate
37
39) When using radio labeling, _________________ can be used to replace an atom of oxygen on the __________ (alpha/beta/gamma) phosphate group
sulfer, alpha
38
40) The Central Dogma of Biology is as follows: ______ -\> ______ -\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
DNA RNA proteins
39
41) The enzyme that can make DNA from RNA is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
reverse transcriptase
40
42) True or False? During DNA replication, both strands of double-stranded DNA can act as a template.
true
41
43) A piece of double stranded DNA will contain one of the old and one of the new strands. The term that best describes this is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
semiconservative replication
42
44) The three phases of DNA replication are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
initiation of replication, elongation, termination
43
45) DNA Polymerase reads the template strand in the ____ (3’/5’) to ____ (3’/5’) direction, but synthesizes the new strand in the ____ (3’/5’) to ____ (3’/5’) direction.
3', 5', 5', 3'
44
46) The two individuals who first showed that DNA replication was semiconservative were _________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Meselson and stahl
45
47) The leading strand of DNA is replicated continuously, but the lagging strand is replicated in segments known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
okazaki fragments
46
48) Sometimes abbreviated as “oriC”, the _______________________ is the location where DNA replication starts.
origin of replication
47
49) “SSB Protein” stands for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
single stranded binding proteins
48
50) SSB protein serves to prevent single-stranded DNA from _________________ after it has been melted, and can be found in greater quantities on the _________________ (leading/lagging) strand.
annealing, lagging
49
51) True or False? The lagging strand synthesis begins after leading strand synthesis has finished.
false because they occur at the same time
50
52) _________________ is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing a RNA primer, and is part of a larger complex known as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
primase, primosome
51
53) How many primers are needed in order to replicate the leading strand? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1
52
54) The primosome moves along the _________________ (leading/lagging) strand just behind the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lagging strand, replication fork
53
55) What enzyme removes RNA primers on Okazaki fragments and replaces them with DNA? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
dna polymerase
54
56) The gap left behind where a phosphodiester bond is missing is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
nick
55
57) The activity by which DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers is known as ____________________ activity.
5'--3' exonuclease
56
58) _________________ is an enzyme that bridges the gaps left by DNA polymerase I by forming a ____________________ bond in between the DNA fragments.
dna ligase, phosphodiester
57
59) _________________ associates with the primosome complex and helps unwind DNA.
DNA B helicase
58
60) Which polymerase is involved in DNA repair? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
DNA polymerase ||
59
61) Rank the three DNA polymerases in terms of smallest to largest: _________________ -\> _________________ -\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
dna poly || --\> dna poly |--\> dna poly |||
60
62) Rank the three DNA polymerases in terms of slowest to fastest: _________________ -\> _________________ -\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
dna poly | --\> dna poly || --\> dna poly |||
61
63) Because eukaryotic chromosomes are much larger than prokaryotic, strands of eukaryotic DNA have multiple _____________________________ when replicating
origins of replication
62
64) Transcription is the synthesis of ______ from \_\_\_\_\_\_.
rna and dna
63
65) List the three major RNAs and their functions:
mRNA: messenger rna- carrier of information for making proteins
rRNA: ribosomal rna- catalyizes peptide bond formation in protein synthesis
tRNA: transfer rna- brings AA to mRNA for protein synthesis
64
66) RNA that act as a catalysts are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ribozymes
65
67) True or False? mRNAs are relatively unstable and only last for a few minutes after synthesis.
true
66
68) There are _______ of types of mRNA. They make up about \_\_\_\_\_\_% of the total RNA in a cell
1000s, 3%
67
69) There are _______ types of rRNA. They make up about \_\_\_\_\_\_% of the total RNA in a cell.
3, 90%
68
70) There are _______ types of tRNA. They make up about \_\_\_\_\_\_% of the total RNA in a cell.
50-60, 7%
69
71) The template strand of DNA is also known as the _________________ strand and runs in the _____ (3’/5’) to _____ (3’/5’) direction.
nonsense, 3', 5'
70
72) The non-template strand of DNA is also known as the _________________ strand and runs in the _____ (3’/5’) to _____ (3’/5’) direction.
sense, 5', 3'
71
73) Of the template and non-template strands, which has the same sequence as the mRNA that is made? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
nontemplate (sense strand)
72
74) A sequence of DNA that signals the binding of RNA polymerase is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
promotor
73
75) A sequence of DNA that signals RNA polymerase to stop transcription is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
terminator
74
76) In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase is made of the subunits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
beta, beta', alpha, sigma
75
77) Of the RNA polymerase subunits, ______ functions in promoter recognition
sigma
76
78) Give the general definition of a holoenzyme.
an enzyme that has all of its subunits associated and assembled
77
79) Give the general definition of a core enzyme.
an enzyme that has nly the subunits which are needed to cataylze reactions
78
80) How do RNA polymerase’s holoenzyme and core enzyme forms differ?
the core enzyme only has 2 alpha, 1 beta, and 1 beta' subunits while the holoenzyme has sigma, 2 alphas, 1 beta, and 1 beta' subunits.
79
81) Give the location and products of the three RNA polymerases found in eukaryotes.
rna poly | : nucleolus, makes pre-rRNA
rna poly ||: nucleoplasm, makes mRNA and hnRNA
rna poly |||: nuleoplasm, makes pre-tRNA and 5S RNA
80
82) There is a common sequence in eukaryotic DNA located ~25-30 base pairs before a transcription start site. This sequence is often referred to as a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
TATA box
81
83) Another common sequence located ~60-80 base pairs before a transcription start site is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
CAAT box
82
84) True or False? In eukaryotes transcription and translation occur simultaneously.
False, only in prokaryotes
83
85) Transcription occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and translation occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
nucleus and cytoplasm
84
86) Large mRNA precursors join with proteins to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ribonucleoproteins
85
87) Adding or altering bases or sugars of RNA is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
post transcriptional modification
86
88) Removing nucleotides by cleaving phosphodiester bonds is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
post transcriptional processing
87
89) GMP being added to the 5’ end of mRNA is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
capping
88
90) Adding 50-150 adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of mRNA is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. These adenine nucleotides form a structure called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
polyadenylation, poly A tail
89
91) ______________________ is the enzyme that adds adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of mRNA.
poly A polymerase
90
92) Give two benefits of adding the 5’ GMP and 3’ adenine nucleotides.
to help ribosomes bind to mRNA and to increase the halflife of mRNA
91
93) The synthesis of proteins from mRNA by ribosomes is a process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
translation
92
94) Translation occurs in the _____ (3’/5’) to _____ (3’/5’) direction along the mRNA, and synthesizes from the _____ terminus to the _____ terminus.
5', 3', N, C
93
95) A _________________ is a set of three nucleotides
triplet codon or simply codon
94
96) Having more than one codon coding for the same amino acid is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
degeneracy of genetic code
95
97) The first nucleotide of many tRNAs’ anticodon is _________________ which weakly base pairs with uracil, cytosine, and adenine, and is the reason this position is called the “wobble” position.
inosinate
96
98) The size of a bacterial ribosome is \_\_\_\_\_, and is made from the small _____ subunit and large _____ subunit.
70s 30s 50s
97
99) The size of a eukaryotic ribosome is \_\_\_\_\_, and is made from the small _____ subunit and large _____ subunit.
80s 40s 60s
98
100) Coupling a tRNA with its correct amino acid forms ______________________ and is done by the enzymes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Aminoacyl tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
99
101) A synthetase enzyme requires \_\_\_\_\_, but a synthase enzyme does not.
ATP
100
102) A tRNA that has its proper amino acid is said to be “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.”
charged-which does not mean positive or negative
101
103) _____________________ is the process of dissociation and re-association of ribosomes.
ribosome cycling
102
104) List two purposes of ribosome initiation factors
to help aminoacyl tRNA base pair with mRNA
to prevent the large ribosome subunit from associating prematurely
103
105) The initiation complex is formed when \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and _________________ all come together.
mRNA, small ribosomal subunit, initiating aminoacyl tRNA in the large ribosomal subunit
104
106) The first amino acid in a prokaryotic peptide chain is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
N-Formalmethionine aka fMET
105
107) Of the ribosomal binding sites, E is the _________________ site, P is the _________________ site, and A is the _________________ site
exit, peptidyl, aminoacyl
106
108) What factor helps bring tRNAs into the ribosome? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
elongation factor Tu
107
109) ________________________ is found with the _________________ (small subunit/large subunit) and forms a _________________ bond between two amino acids.
peptidyl transferase, large subunit, peptide
108
110) A ___________________________ is a tRNA with two amino acids.
dipeptidyl tRNA
109
111) A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is a tRNA that has lost its amino acid.
deacylated tRNA
110
112) _________________ happens when the ribosome moves one codon toward the 3’ end of the mRNA.
translocation
111
113) The two ribosomal subunits dissociate when a ______________________ binds to a stop codon in the A site.
release factor
112
114) In general, proteins made by free ribosomes are ______________________ and those made by ribosomes bound to rough ER are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
water soluable (hydrophilic)
water insolbuable (hydrophobic)
113
115) The mechanism for directing proteins to their destination is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
protein targeting
114
116) True or False? All ER bound ribosomes start out as free ribosomes.
true
115
117) A __________________________________ helps bring a ribosome along with a synthesizing protein to the rough ER.
signal recognition particle
116
118) A ______________________ is a sequence of amino acids on the N-terminus of a protein that flags the protein for targeting
signal sequence
117
118
35) True or False? The Primer used for sequencing DNA must be identical to the template strand?
False - must be complimentary
