Exam 4- October 31st

Question 1

Mobilization of glucose from ________ by ________

Answer 1

glycogen

phosphorolysis

Question 2

________ enzymes are required to free glucose from glycogen

Answer 2

two

Question 3

________ ________ catalyzes the cleavage of (alpha __ –> __) glycoside linkages that joins _____ glucose molecules in the glycogen polymer

Answer 3

glycogen phophorylase
(alpha 1–>4)
two

Question 4

The reaction of glycogen phosphorylase requires the cofactor ________ ________

Answer 4

pyridoxal phosphate

Question 5

two phosphategroup of pyridoxal phosphate acts as a general ________ ________, this promotes attacking by ___ on the glycoside band

Answer 5

acid catalyst

P6

Question 6

The ______-____-_____-___-_____ is released from the glycogen by this reaction

Answer 6

alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate

Question 7

Glycogen phosphorylase continues to act on the ________ ______ of glycogen ________ until only ________ glucose molecules remain before on (alpha 1–>6) branch point is reached

Answer 7

Nonreducing ends
Branches
4

Question 8

Glycogen phosphorylase activity ________

Answer 8

stops

Question 9

The second enzyme, known as ________ ________ catalyzes _____ successive reactions to remove the branch

Answer 9

Debranching Enzyme

two

Question 10

The first activity associated with the bi-functional de-branching enzyme is ________ ________

Answer 10

Transferase activity

Question 11

Three of the four remaining glucose residues that make up the branch are moved to a nearby ____-_______ _____ and reattached in (alpha __–>__) linkage

Answer 11

non-reducing end

1–>4

Question 12

Glycogen –> ________-__-_______ –>(alpha 1–>6) glucosidase activity

Answer 12

glucose-1-phosphate

Question 13

The glucose-1-phosphate that was released by the glycogen phosphorylase is converted to glucose -6-phosphate by ________

Answer 13

phosphoglucomutase

Question 14

________, in its 6-phosphate form can now enter the glycolysis pathway

Answer 14

glucose

Question 15

other ________ can enter the glycolytic pathway at specific points

Answer 15

sugars

Question 16

glycerol–> ________ ________

Answer 16

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 17

intermediates in the glycolytic pathway feed into the “________ ________ ________”

Answer 17

bigger metabolic picture

Question 18

glucose-6-phosphate –> ______-______ –> ________

Answer 18

pentose-phosphate –> nucleotides

Question 19

Fructose-6-phosphate –> ________ –> ________, ________

Answer 19

amino sugars–> glycolipid, glycoprotein

Question 20

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate / DHAD –> __- ______ –>lipid

Answer 20

2-glycerophosphate –> lipid

Question 21

3-phosphoglycerate –> ________

Answer 21

serine

Question 22

Phosphoenolpyruvate –> _____ _____ _____

                                    - -> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ --> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
                                    - -> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 22

aromatic amino acids
aspartate –> pyrimidines
asparagine

Question 23

pyruvate –> ________

Answer 23

alanine

Question 24

________ ________ is an ________ process that can yield ATP

Answer 24

Lactate fermentation

anaerobic

Question 25

When animal tissues cannot be supplied with sufficient oxygen to oxidize the ________ and ________ produced in glycolysis, cells will ________ NAD from NADH by reducing pyruvate to________ through the action of ________ ________

Answer 25

``` pyruvate NADH regenerate lactate lactate dehydrogenase ```

Question 26

Lactate is produced in large quantities in ________ ________ undergoing ________ contraction

Answer 26

large quantities | vigorous

Question 27

Lactic acid is initially produced, but it rapidly ________ to lactate and H+

Answer 27

dissociates

Question 28

The accumulation of lactate and subsequent acidification of the muscle tissue causes ________

Answer 28

pain

Question 29

the lactate is ________ to the ________ where its converted to ________

Answer 29

recycled liver glucose

Question 30

Many microorganisms ferment _______ and other hexoses to _______

Answer 30

Glucose | Lactate

Question 31

Lactose in milk is fermented to lactic acid by _______

Answer 31

Lactobacilli

Question 32

_______ occurs in the milk and the __________(two words) denatures milk casein and other proteins

Answer 32

Acidification | Low pH

Question 33

The denatured protein from acidification then _______

Answer 33

Precipitates

Question 34

The precipitated, denatured protein forms _______ and is the basis for the production of _______ and _______

Answer 34

Curds | Cheese and yogurt

Question 35

Primitive _______ live at depths up to 4000 meters where the dissolved _______ concentration is essentially ______

Answer 35

Coelacanths Oxygen Zero

Question 36

Primitive coelacanths almost exclusively use _______ metabolism to generate ATP used for carbohydrate conversion to _______ which are _______

Answer 36

Anaerobic Lactate Excreted

Question 37

Some marine vertebrates ferment glucose to _______ plus _______ to generate ATP

Answer 37

Ethanol | CO2