Exam 1 - Module 2 - Study Guide

Question 1

What are the 3 components of physiologic stress

Answer 1

1 - enlargement of the adrenal gland
2 - decreased lymphocyte levels in the blood from damage to lymphatic structure of the immune system
3 - development of bleeding ulcers in the stomach and duodenal lining

Question 2

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

Answer 2

when physiologic stress impairs the ability of the organism to resist future stressors and represents the hallmark pattern of nonspecific stress response

Question 3

3 stages of GAS

Answer 3

1 - alarm stage - the secretion of hormones and catecholamines to prepare for emergency reaction

2 - resistance or adaptation stage - mobilization of the body’s resource to handle sustained challenge

3 - exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) - over activation of the adaptive systems. leads to stress-related disorders

Question 4

sympathetic nervous system SNS

Answer 4

fight or flight

Question 5

what does the SNS release

Answer 5

epinephrine , norepinephrine, and cortisol
these hormones rapidly mobilize the resources necessary to prepare the brain for fight of flight

Question 6

allostatic overload

Answer 6

exhaustion - occurs when the protective physiologic regulatory systems are taxed by chronic, persistent exposure to threat and no longer able to adapt to the current new stressors

Question 7

explain the hypothalamic-pitutary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 7

Stress activates the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which binds to receptors on anterior pituitary cells, which, in turn, produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

ACTH is then released into blood and transported to the adrenal glands located on the top of the kidneys.

After binding to receptors on the cortex of the adrenal glands, the glucocorticoid (GC) hormone, primarily cortisol (cortisol is known outside the body as hydrocortisone), is released and reaches all tissues, including the brain.

Question 8

what are some of the function that cortisol effects

Answer 8

1 - carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - body holds onto fat
2 - protein metabolism
3 - anti-inflammatory effects
4 - lipid metabolism
5 - immune effects
6 - digestive function - promotes gastric secretion
7 - urinary function - excess secretion of calcium

Question 9

what are some disorders linked to high cortisol

Answer 9

• obesity
• sleep deprivation
• lipid abnormalities
• hypertension
• diabetes
• atherosclerosis
• loss of bone density

Question 10

What effect to catecholamines have on the body

Answer 10

• brain - increase blood flow; increased glucose metabolism (do NOT cross the blood-brain barrier)
• cardiovascular - increased hear rate and force, vasoconstriction
• pulmonary - bronchodilation
• skeletal muscle - increased glycogenolysis, increased contraction
• liver - increased glucose production
• skin - decreased blood flow

Question 10

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

rest and digest, slows the heart rate

Question 11

what does the renal system consist of

Answer 11

the kidneys

Question 12

what is the primary function of the kidneys

Answer 12

maintain a stable internal environment for optimal cell and tissue metabolism.

Question 13

where are the kidneys located

Answer 13

posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum.

Question 14

what is the outer layer of the kidney

Answer 14

cortex

Question 15

what is the inner part of the kidney and what does it consist of

Answer 15

medulla
consists of pryamids

Question 16

what part of the kidneys receive urine form the collecting ducts

Answer 16

minor and major calyces

Question 17

how many lobes are in each kidney

Answer 17

14-18

Question 18

what is the kidney lobe

Answer 18

structural unit of the kidney

Question 19

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 19

nephron

Question 20

what is contraction of the bladder called

Answer 20

micturition (urination)

Question 21

what are the stymptoms assocaited wiht Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB)

Answer 21

• involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscles resulting in urge incontinence
• more common in females 65 and older

Question 22

which medication put you at risk of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)

Answer 22

diuretics
antidepressants
alpha- agonists
beta-antagonists
sedatives
anticholinergics
analgesics

Question 23

What is neurogenic bladder

Answer 23

term for bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic disorder.

Question 24

what is usually prescribed for a neurogenic bladder

Answer 24

bethanechol chloride - it is a cholinergic agent that stimulates the bladder to empty.

Question 25

what is a urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 25

inflammation of the epithelium (mucosa) usually caused by bacteria from gut flora

Question 26

cystitis

Answer 26

inflammation of the lower urinary bladder

Question 27

what are the 2 most common infection micororganisms for a UTI

Answer 27

1 - escherichia coli - most common 2 - staphyloccous saprophyticus

Question 28

what are the symptoms of cystitis

Answer 28

frequency of urination urgency of urination dysuria (painful urination) low back pain

Question 29

what is the treatment for cystitis

Answer 29

antibiotic drug therapy

Question 30

pyelonephritis

Answer 30

infection of the upper urinary tracts

Question 31

agonist

Answer 31

drugs that help the system. they activate a receptor and produce a response. example - increases heart rate

Question 32

antagonist

Answer 32

prevent something from happening. they prevent receptor activation and block a response example - hear rate slows down

Question 33

adrenergic

Answer 33

something that stimulates the SNS

Question 34

Sympathomimetics

Answer 34

Adrenergic Agonists - they mimic or stimulate the SNS.

Question 35

Sympatholytic

Answer 35

adrenergic antagonists - they prevent the SNS from working

Question 36

The SNS is also called what

Answer 36

the adrenergic system

Question 37

what are 2 adrenergic agonists

Answer 37

epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine

Question 38

what are the 4 main adrenergic receptors

Answer 38

alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2

Question 39

what does the alpha1 receptor do

Answer 39

heart - increase cardiac contractility vasoconstriction - BP gets higher dilates pupils (mydriasis) increases bladder relaxation and urinary spinchter contraction

Question 40

what does the alpha2 receptor do

Answer 40

breathing - inhibits the release of norepinephrine - dialates blood vessels (decrease BP) - vasodilation - decrease GI motility and tone

Question 41

what does the beta1 receptor do

Answer 41

heart - increase cardiac contractility - increases BP and heart rate

Question 42

what doe the beta2 receptor do

Answer 42

breathing - bronchodilation - decreases GI tone and motility (gastrointestinal and uterine relaxation) - relaxes smooth muscles of the uterus - increase in blood glucose

Question 43

what kind of response to catecholamines produce

Answer 43

sympathomimetic response

Question 44

what are 3 drug examples of catecholamines

Answer 44

epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine

Question 45

Cholinergic

Answer 45

something that stimulates the PNS

Question 45

what is the main adrenergic antagonists drug we need to know

Answer 45

atenolol

Question 46

Parasympathomimetic

Answer 46

aka cholinergic agonists or cholinergics they mimic or PNS - they help the rest and digest

Question 47

parasympatholytic

Answer 47

aka cholinergic antagonists or anticholinergics- they prevent the rest and digest

Question 48

what is the main PNS neurotransmitter

Answer 48

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 49

what are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 49

muscarinic receptors - stimulate smooth muscle and slow the heart rate nicotinic receptors - affect the skeletal muscles

Question 50

what are direct acting cholinergic agonists

Answer 50

they act on receptors to activate a tissue response

Question 51

what are indirect acting cholinergic agonists

Answer 51

they inhibit the action of they enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and are also called acetycholinesterase (AChE)

Question 52

what is a drug example of a direct acting cholinergic agonist

Answer 52

bethanechol chloride - a direct acting cholinergic agonist

Question 53

what are the main effects of choliergic agonists

Answer 53

- decreased heart rate - lower BP - increased tone and motility of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines - contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder - increased pupillary constriction - increase salivation, perspiration and tears - stimulation of the bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased bronchial secretions

Question 54

What is an indirect acting cholinergic antagonist (anticholinergic)

Answer 54

atropine

Question 55

what is the group of drugs call the prevent bacterial growth in kidneys and bladder

Answer 55

urinary antiseptics/antiinfectives - not effective for systemic infections

Question 56

bacteriostatic effect

Answer 56

inhibit bacterial growth

Question 57

bactericidal

Answer 57

have a bacteria killing effect

Question 58

urinary analgesics

Answer 58

relive pain and burning in the urinary tract

Question 59

urinary stimulants

Answer 59

increase the tone of urinary muscles

Question 60

anitcholinesterase

Answer 60

prevents a cholergenic response

Question 61

what are the main action an adrenergic agonists produces

Answer 61

- eyes dilate - lungs dilate - increase heart rate - vessels constrict and blood pressure gets higher