Exam 1 - Module 4

Question 1

what are the chief functions of blood

Answer 1

• supporting cellular metabolism
• removing cellular waste products
• defense against invading infection
• maintenance of acid-base balance

Question 2

two major groups of plasma proteins

Answer 2

albumin (more common)
globulin

Question 3

Fibrinogen

Answer 3

most plentiful of the clotting factors and is the precursor of the fibrin clot

Question 4

plasma

Answer 4

complex aqueous liquid containing a variety of organic and inorganic elements

Question 5

serum

Answer 5

plasma differs from serum in that serum is free of the clotting proteins. the clotting proteins interfere with diagnostic test so the serum are typically the values we see in test results.

Question 6

erthryocytes

Answer 6

red blood cells

Question 7

leukocytes

Answer 7

white blood cells

Question 8

what is the primary responsibility of erythyocytes

Answer 8

tissue oxygenation - they carry the hemoglobin
- do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria

Question 9

what is the primary responsibility of the leukocytes

Answer 9

defend the body against organisms that cause infection and remove debris including dead or injured host cells

Question 10

thrombocytes

Answer 10

platelets

Question 11

function of thrombocytes

Answer 11

essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding

formed in the bone marrow

Question 12

hematopoiesis

Answer 12

production of blood cells

Question 13

erythropoiesis

Answer 13

development of red blood cells

Question 14

hemostasis

Answer 14

arrest of bleeding by formation by formation of blood clots at sites of vascular injury.

Question 15

lab value - hemoglobin

Answer 15

13 - 17 g/dL - men
11.5 - 15.5 g/dL - women

Question 16

lab value - hematocrit

Answer 16

40%
high = dehydrated
low = fluid overload

Question 17

lab value - platelet count

Answer 17

150-400 (103/mm3)
or
150,000 - 400,000 /mcL

high = issue with clotting
low = susceptible to bleeding

Question 18

hematocrit

Answer 18

how many cells are in the plasma and blood volume itself.

Question 19

lab value - erythrocyte

Answer 19

4.4 - 5.7 million cells/mcL serum

Question 20

lab value - leukocytes

Answer 20

8,000 cells/mcL

high = infection
low = you are at risk for gettin an infection

Question 21

anemia

Answer 21

reduction of the total number of erythrocytes in circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.

Question 22

3 things anemias commonly result from

Answer 22

1 - impaired erythrocyte production
2 - blood loss (acute or chronic)
3 - increased erythrocyte destruction
4 - combination of these 3 factors

Question 23

cytic

Answer 23

refers to size

Question 24

chromic

Answer 24

refers to hemoglobin content

Question 25

anisocytosis

Answer 25

assuming various sizes

Question 26

poikilocytosis

Answer 26

assuming various shapes

Question 27

macrocytic

Answer 27

large abnormally shapes erythrocytes

Question 28

Pernicious anemia

Answer 28

Classification - Macroytic aka megaloblastic - lack of vitamin B12 - genetic cause - congenital or acquired deficiency - lack of intrinsic factor

Question 29

Folate deficiency anemia

Answer 29

- macrocytic - lack of folate - common in someone who abuses alcohol

Question 30

microcytic

Answer 30

small abnormally shaped erythrocytes

Question 31

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 31

- microcytic - lack of iron for hemoglobin cause - chronic blood loss - iron deficiency - dietary deficiency - menstruation

Question 32

2 types of macrocytic anemia

Answer 32

- pernicious anemia - folate deficiency anemia

Question 33

3 types of microcytic anemia

Answer 33

- iron deficiency anemia - sideroblastic anemia - thallassemia anemia

Question 34

4 types of normocytic anemai

Answer 34

- aplastic anemia - posthemorrhagic anemia - hemolytic anemia - sickle cell anemia

Question 35

posthemorrhagic anemia

Answer 35

Classification normocytic - normochromic - blood loss causes - increased erythropoiesis - iron depletion

Question 36

sickle cell anemia

Answer 36

- normocytic - abnormal cell shape causes - congenital

Question 37

hypoxemia

Answer 37

reduced oxygen level in the blood

Question 38

purpuric disorders

Answer 38

red or purple discolor spots on the skin

Question 39

thrombocytopenia

Answer 39

penai - absence platelet count less than 150,000 platelets/ul of blood -results from decreased platelet production, increased consumption or both

Question 40

pseudothrombocytopenia

Answer 40

error in the platelet count to due to lab results

Question 41

Thrombocythemia - aka thrombocytosis

Answer 41

themia = increase platelet count greater than 450,000 ul of blood

Question 42

a stationary clot attached to the vessel wall

Answer 42

thrombus

Question 43

arterial (oxygenated blood) clot formation

Answer 43

- high blood flow conditions - takes a long time to develop in damaged/diseased artery - composed of mostly platelets - fibrin formation occurs Assessment Cues: - secondary signs of MI: chest/upper body pain, SOB, extreme fatigue - stroke (CVA): numbness/sensation loss of extremity/side, confusion, inability to speak -

Question 44

venous (deoxygenated blood) clot formation

Answer 44

- form in low blood flow conditions - form rapidly in normal vein - composed of mostly RBC and fibrin with few platelets - venous stasis and valves worsen circulation Assessment Cues: - Secondary signs to DVT - extremity is red, warm, inflamed, tender - secondary signs to PE - ** lethal condition, sudden/extreme SOB, chest pain while breathing, collapse, shock

Question 45

embolus

Answer 45

when a thrombus detaches from the vessel wall and circulates within the blood stream

Question 46

hypoxia

Answer 46

reduced oxygen level in the tissue

Question 47

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 47

drug - heparin Activated when factor XII contacts subendothelial substances exposed by vascular injury

Question 48

extrainsic pathway

Answer 48

drug - warfarin Activated when tissue thromboplastin is released by damaged endothelial cells

Question 49

defects of primary hemostatis

Answer 49

platelet defects or von Willebrand disease (inherited bleeding disorder, missing protein that helps blood clot)

Question 50

defects of secondary hemostasis

Answer 50

clotting factor defects

Question 51

generalized defects of small vessels

Answer 51

purpural and eccymotic disorders

Question 52

what is the most common condition associated with DIC

Answer 52

sepsis

Question 53

what is the virchow triad

Answer 53

- injury to vessel - abnormal blood flow - hypercoagulopathy

Question 54

hemophilia

Answer 54

group of inherited bleeding disorder resulting from mutation in coagulation factors

Question 55

Immune thrombocytopenia - ITP

Answer 55

most common disorder of platelet consumption - antibody destruction of platelets - bruising and generalized petechial rash often occur about 1 to 3 weeks after a viral illness - can develop in ecchymoses

Question 56

ecchymoses

Answer 56

bruise on contusion

Question 57

anticoagulants

Answer 57

prevent formation of clots that inhibit circulation

Question 58

antiplatelets

Answer 58

prevent platelet aggregation

Question 59

thrombolytics

Answer 59

attack and dissolve blood clots that have already formed

Question 60

two main anticoagulant drugs

Answer 60

heparin warfarin (coumadin)

Question 61

Main Antiplatelet Drug - Keeps platelets from sticking together

Answer 61

clipidogrel

Question 62

Main drug to break up clots (clot buster)

Answer 62

alteplase

Question 63

Biologic Response Modifiers

Answer 63

substances naturally produced by body and those developed in the labratory

Question 64

Biologic Response Modifiers - Actions

Answer 64

kills cancer cells

Question 65

which hematologic complication would be occurring in an individual recovering from massive trauma who begins to ooze blood and developes ecchymosis

Answer 65

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)