Exam 1 - Module 3 - Part 2

Question 1

osmosis

Answer 1

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from areas of low solute concentration to those of high solute concentration

Question 2

diffusion

Answer 2

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 3

what is the daily recommended fluid intake for adults

Answer 3

1200 to 1500 mL

Question 4

Isotonic Solution Example

Answer 4

0.9% NaCl
5% dextrose in water d5W

Question 5

what are isotonic solutions used for

Answer 5

• LR provide electrolytes and is used to treat dehydration

Question 6

Caution for using isotonic solutions

Answer 6

• caution in patients with cardiac or renal disease because they have problem getting rid of the water
• do not administer isotonic solutions to patients with know or suspected intracranial pressure

Question 7

Hypotonic solution example

Answer 7

0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS)

Question 8

what are hypotonic solutions used for

Answer 8

• replaces cellular fluid by treating intracellular dehydration (diabetic ketoacidosis)
• allows water to move into the cell
• provides free water to allow for excretion of body wastes

Question 9

caution for using hypotonic solutions

Answer 9

• do not administer hypotonic solutions to patients with know of suspected intracranial pressure or patients with liver disease, shock, trauma or burns

Question 10

Hypertonic solution example

Answer 10

• 3% NaCl
• 5% Dextrose in 0.45% NaCl
• 5% Dextrose and 0.9% NaCl
• 5% Dextrose in LR
• 10% Dextrose in water - D10W

Question 11

what are hypertonic solutions used for

Answer 11

• increases serum osmolality - pulls water from the ICF into the ECF
• corrects severe hypotremia (low sodium)
• decrease intracranial pressure in patients with cerebral edema

Question 12

caution for using hypertonic solutions

Answer 12

• may cause intravascular volume overload and pulmonary edema
• administer slowly and carefully with infusion control pump and monitor for signs of FVE (fluid volume excess)
• contraindicated for patients with cardiac or renal disease and those with dehydration or diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 13

crystalloid solutions

Answer 13

contain fluid and electrolytes and move freely across capillary walls - DO NOT contain any proteins

Question 14

Examples of crystalloid solutions

Answer 14

• isotonic
• hypotonic
• hypertonic

Question 15

colloid solutions

Answer 15

solutions containing protein or other large molecules that increase osmolarity. Because of their size, the particles are unable to pass through the semipermeable membranes of the capillary walls and stay within the intravascular compartment. They pull from the interstitial space into the plasma increasing blood volume

Question 16

what are the common particles colloid solutions contain

Answer 16

• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• albumin

Question 17

what are colloid solutions used for

Answer 17

• minor bleeding
• diarrhea
• vomiting

Question 18

why would you give a colloid solution rather than a crystalloid solution

Answer 18

if they are in renal failure they can’t pee out the extra fluid so you would give them a colloid to try and maintain the balance because you don’t want to over hydrate them

Question 19

When would you use :

High-molecular-weight dextran 75
Dextran 70 6% in 5% dextrose

Answer 19

• treatment of shock caused by hemorrhage, burns or trauma

Question 20

Adverse Effects:

High-molecular-weight dextran 75
Dextran 70 6% in 5% dextrose

Answer 20

• life threatening - severe anaphylaxis
• may interfere with lab testing
• bleeding, hypotension,

Question 21

When would you use :

Hydroxyethyl starch 6% (hetastarch)
A synthetic polymer closely related to human albumin

Answer 21

• early fluid replacement of hypovolemic shock and burns

Question 22

Adverse Effects:

Hydroxyethyl starch 6% (hetastarch)
A synthetic polymer closely related to human albumin

Answer 22

• life threatening - may cause severe anaphylactic reaction
• interferes with platelet function
• contraindicated for patients with bleeding disorders, and renal, cardiac or liver disease

Question 23

When would you use:

Albumin 5%
Albumin 25%
Prepared from human blood and blood products
Considered a blood product

Answer 23

• regulates plasma volume and tissue-fluid balance

Question 24

Adverse effects:

Albumin 5%
Albumin 25%
Prepared from human blood and blood products
Considered a blood product

Answer 24

• contraindicated in patients with heart failure or severe anemia
• life threatening - hold ACEI’s at least 24 hours before administering albumin