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Natural History of Vertebrates > Exam 1 new info > Flashcards

Exam 1 new info Flashcards

1
Q

special features of order Anura skin?

A
  • no scales, feathers or hair for gas/ion exchange… NA+ and K+… cant have uptake barriers
  • poison glands for defense
  • highly vascularized.. many blood vessels for gas exchange
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2
Q

Describe order anura poison glands

A
  • all over the body
  • parotid glands… large poison glands..
  • poison arrow frogs… insect derived alkaloids.
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3
Q

Describe family bufonidae

A
  • large carotid glands
  • this family has a mixture of bufagin (Na/K ATPase blocker and bufotenin which has hallucination properties
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4
Q

desccribe how the poison in poison arrow frogs work

A
  • open NA channels and they remain open with no control
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5
Q

Describe order anura hearts

A
  • 3 chambers (2 atria, 1 ventricle)
  • less than 5% mixing, very efficient due to valves and folds
  • can stop the flow of blood when in the water
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6
Q

Describe order anura vocalization

A
  • primarily a reproductive function
  • sound producing apparatus
  • different calls
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7
Q

Describe sound producing apparatus

A
  • lungs… air goes past the larynx (vocal chords) and out of the mouth
  • vocal sac acts as a resonance chamber to make sound louder
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8
Q

Types of anura calls?

A
  • advertisement call.. male attracting female
  • reciprocal call… female responding
  • distress call… when predator is present
  • release call… males when another male attempts to mate
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9
Q

Describe the causes of amphibian population declines

A
  • habitat destruction/split
  • introduction of exotic species (fish, amphibians)
  • pesticides and pollution
  • chytrid fungus
  • diseases
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10
Q

describe the chemicals that are killing amphibians

A
  • atrazine… herbicide… causes chemical castration, destroys gonads
  • terbufos… insecticide… causes mutation
  • picaridin… insect repellent… stops development in salamanders
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11
Q

Describe the impact of chytrid fungus on amphibians

A
  • the species are Bd and B.sal
  • Bd: causes excessive epidermal growth… lowers gas exchange and K+/Na+… cardiac arrest
  • B.sal: causes epidermal erosion: skin ulceration, eroding blood vessels, bacteria can now enter
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12
Q

Are some frogs resistant to these issues?

A

yes

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13
Q

Describe the diseases impacting amphibians

A
  • perkinsea - ciliate… no treatment
  • ranavirus… DNA virus
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14
Q

draw a reptilian egg

A
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15
Q

reptile characteristics

A
  • one chondyle, flexible necks
  • lungs as adults and young
  • true internal fert
  • ectothermic and poikilothermic
  • 3 chambered hearts
  • ## dry
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16
Q

Describe reptile skin

A
  • dry
  • multiple epidermal layers
  • skin arranged in scales
  • turtles is arranged in plates
  • turtles/lizards have fission zone: thin, no keratin, can break, related to shedding… epidermal layers fall off
17
Q

Describe basic skull anatomy of reptiles

A
  • anapsids: 0 temporal fenestrae
  • synapsids: 1 TF
  • diapsids: 2 TF
18
Q

characteristics of order testudines

A
  • anapsids
  • only reptiles with no teeth
  • four pentadactyl legs
  • shell/plates
  • appendage joints inside ribcage
  • flexible cervical vertebrae
  • oviparous
  • long life span
  • indeterminate growth
19
Q

what do turtles have instead of teeth

A
  • epidermal beak (keratinized)
20
Q

describe turtle shell/plates

A
  • dorsal: carapace… fusion of vertibrae and ribs… covered by epidermis with lots of keratin
  • ventral: plastron
21
Q

What are the sections of a carapace called

A
  • scutes
22
Q

describe the different flexible cervical vertebrae

A

order cryptodira= verticle flexibility… complete cover
order pleurodira= horizontal… not completely covered

23
Q

describe order squamata

A
  • scales
  • epidermal fission zone (shedding)
  • quadrate + articular bones
24
Q

characteristics of suborder sauria

A
  • four pentadactyl limbs in most
  • oviparous
25
Q

what are the 20 families of suborder sauria

A
  • gekkonidae
  • scincidae
  • helodermatidae
  • varanidae
  • iguanidae
  • legless lizards
26
Q

characteristics of gekkonidae?

A
  • geckos
  • small
  • nocturnal
  • arboreal
  • vocal
  • van der waal forces
  • setae (fibers on toes) –> seta –> spatulae
27
Q

characteristics of scincidae

A
  • skinks
  • smooth, non overlapping scales
  • western skink
28
Q

characteristics of helodermatidae

A
  • bumpy skin
  • non overlapping scales
  • venomous
  • gila monster… mexican beaded lizard
  • forked tongue for chemoreception
29
Q

describe the forked tongue

A
  • chemo reception
  • touches the vemeronasal organ as a sense of smell
30
Q

characteristics of varanidae

A
  • monitor lizard
  • long neck.. cervical vertebrae
  • forked tongue
  • non-autonomous tail
  • komodo dragon

Natural History of Vertebrates (6 decks)

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