lecture quiz 1

Question 1

What is the definition of “natural history”

Answer 1

Latin: “naturalis historia” - a process of studying natural events
- main topic = WHOLE organism
- will focus on anatomy, physiology, ecology, evolution and molecular phylogeny

Question 2

What is a vertebrate’s classification?

Answer 2

domain eukarya
kingdom animalia
phyla chordata
subphyla vertebrata

Question 3

what % of the population are chordates?

Answer 3

1% of all animals

Question 4

Characteristics of a chordate?

Answer 4

1. Deuterostomes
2. notochord
3. dorsal hollow nerve cord/tube
4. one way digestive system at some stage
5. post anal tail
6. bilateral symmetry
7. pharyngeal slits at some stage
8. endostyle
9. metamerism

Question 5

What is a deuterostome?

Answer 5

deutero = 2nd stome = mouth
(second opening of digestive tube becomes the mouth)
ex: echinoderms… hemichordates

Question 6

What is a notochord?

Answer 6

• connective tissue rod
• becomes intervertebral discs

Question 7

What does the pharyngeal slit become in adults?

Answer 7

thymus and parathyroids

Question 8

What is the endostyle?

Answer 8

cilia/mucous for trapping food

Question 9

What is a metamerism?

Answer 9

repeating units

Question 10

What makes up subphylum cephalochordata?

Answer 10

Lancelets, amphioxus

Question 11

Know the phylogenetic trees for deuterostomes and chordates

Answer 11

(draw tree)

Question 12

Describe the characteristics of amphioxus and lancelets

Answer 12

amphi - pointed on both ends

as adults:
- notochord
- endostyle
- post anal tail
- hollow dorsal nerve

burrow in sand
filter feeders
tropics, subtropics

Question 13

What makes up the subphylum tunicata (urochordata)?

Answer 13

• tunicates, sea squirts

tunicates secrete mucous…

Question 14

Describe the characteristics of tunicates / sea squirts as ADULTS

Answer 14

as adults:
- few chordate characteristics
- openings : no one way digestive

Question 15

Describe the characteristics of tunicates/sea squirts in the LARVAL stage

Answer 15

larval :
- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- post anal tail
- endostyle
- one way digestive system

Question 16

Describe vertebrate characteristics

Answer 16

• vertebrae: surrounding nerve cord
• endoskeleton
• paired eyes
• adaptive immune system
• sexual reproduction (a few parthinogenic exceptions)
• endostyle absent in adults: becomes thyroid
• cranial neural crest cells
• hepatic portal system

Question 17

Describe Charaka’s classification of vertebrates

Answer 17

Jarayuja: invertebrates
Anadaja - Vertebrates

Question 18

Describe Artistotle’s classification of vertebrates

Answer 18

• Enaima:
  Have blood, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians
• Anaima:
  no blood
  invertebrates

Question 19

Describe Pliny the Elder’s classification of vertebrates

Answer 19

• based on location
• aquatilia
• terrestria
• volatrilia

Question 20

Describe Carolus Linnaeus’ classification of vertebrates

Answer 20

• hierarchical structure of classification
• EXTERNAL ANATOMY
• Levels:
  kingdom
  phylum
  order
  genus
  species
• plantae and animalia… fungi came later

Question 21

Describe the current classification scheme of vertebrates

Answer 21

• based on molecular data, morphology and fossils
• Agnatha (no jaw)
• Gnathostomata (“Jaw mouth”)

Question 22

Which classes make up superclass Agnatha

Answer 22

• no jaw
• Class Myxini (greek for slime) - Slime Hags
• Class cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys

Question 23

which classes make up superclass Gnathostomata

Answer 23

• Jaw mouth
• Classes:
  chondrichthyes- cartilaginous
  actinopterygii- ray finned
  sarcopterygii- fleshy finned
  amphibia-
  reptilia
  mammalia
  Aves

Question 24

Describe the characteristics of AGNATHA

Answer 24

• jawless
• no scales
• simple fins, not paired
• cartilage, not true bone
• notochord as adults
• external fertilization

Question 25

Describe class Myxini

Answer 25

- hagfish/slime hags - blind - bottom dwellers - produces slime (avoid predators, slime glands, intermediate filaments) - atypical circulation open circulatory system... multiple hearts (3-6) - knotting behavior Use to get leverage... tie into know, knot shortens, uses body

Question 26

Describe class cephalaspidomorphi

Answer 26

- Lampreys - head shield shape - up to 1m in length - vertebrae : cartilage - jawless - parasites - wrasping tongue

Question 27

Describe superclass Gnathostomata

Answer 27

- jawed fish - hinged jaw - paired appendages

Question 28

What are the paired appendages within superclass gnathostomata ?

Answer 28

- fins in fish - pectoral fins : steering - pelvic fins : steering - dorsal + anal fins: stability - unpaired caudal fin : propulsion

Question 29

Describe Class chondrichthyes?

Answer 29

- cartilaginous fishes - cartilaginous skeleton: flexible, light, no blood cells - internal fertilization - ventral + subterminal mouth

Question 30

How are blood cells produced in cartilaginous fishes?

Answer 30

- blood cells produced in leydig organ and epigonal organ (around the gonads)

Question 31

Describe Subclass Elasmobranchii?

Answer 31

- sharks, rays, skates - Size range: dwarf lantern (20 cm) to whale shark (15m) - heterocercal caudal fin: propulsion and lift - no operculum - placoid scales: modified teeth, point to tail... pulp cavity, enamel, dentine... - large liver - teeth

Question 32

What is the purpose of the shape and direction of the placoid scales?

Answer 32

- to reduce the resistance of water... - turbulence can help the shark travel faster

Question 33

Why do subclass elasmobranchii have large livers?

Answer 33

- to fill with squaline: lipid nonpolar low density buoyancy

Question 34

Describe class elasmobranchii teeth

Answer 34

- placoid scales - new rows of teeth every week, constantly replacing - serrates

Question 35

Describe subclass holocephali

Answer 35

- ratfish ("chimeras" - long tails - operculum - no placoid scales - poisonous spine

Question 36

Describe class actinopterygii

Answer 36

- ray-finned fishes - actino: ray, Pteryx: wing/fin - true bone - operculum - skeletal rays in fins - terminal mouth - external fertilization - swim bladder (gas bladder) (buoyancy control, 7% of fish volume)

Question 37

What are the three fin shapes?

Answer 37

- diphycercal (lung fish) single pointed tail, bone reaches the tip - heterocercal (sharks) different points, bone reaches tip of top fin - homocercal equal size points, skeletal rays

Question 38

Difference in fertilization between rays and skates?

Answer 38

- rays: viviporous... live birth - skates: Oviviporous... egg