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Natural History of Vertebrates > lecture quiz 1 > Flashcards

lecture quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of “natural history”

A

Latin: “naturalis historia” - a process of studying natural events
- main topic = WHOLE organism
- will focus on anatomy, physiology, ecology, evolution and molecular phylogeny

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2
Q

What is a vertebrate’s classification?

A

domain eukarya
kingdom animalia
phyla chordata
subphyla vertebrata

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3
Q

what % of the population are chordates?

A

1% of all animals

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4
Q

Characteristics of a chordate?

A
  1. Deuterostomes
  2. notochord
  3. dorsal hollow nerve cord/tube
  4. one way digestive system at some stage
  5. post anal tail
  6. bilateral symmetry
  7. pharyngeal slits at some stage
  8. endostyle
  9. metamerism
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5
Q

What is a deuterostome?

A

deutero = 2nd stome = mouth
(second opening of digestive tube becomes the mouth)
ex: echinoderms… hemichordates

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6
Q

What is a notochord?

A
  • connective tissue rod
  • becomes intervertebral discs
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7
Q

What does the pharyngeal slit become in adults?

A

thymus and parathyroids

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8
Q

What is the endostyle?

A

cilia/mucous for trapping food

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9
Q

What is a metamerism?

A

repeating units

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10
Q

What makes up subphylum cephalochordata?

A

Lancelets, amphioxus

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11
Q

Know the phylogenetic trees for deuterostomes and chordates

A

(draw tree)

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12
Q

Describe the characteristics of amphioxus and lancelets

A

amphi - pointed on both ends

as adults:
- notochord
- endostyle
- post anal tail
- hollow dorsal nerve

burrow in sand
filter feeders
tropics, subtropics

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13
Q

What makes up the subphylum tunicata (urochordata)?

A
  • tunicates, sea squirts

tunicates secrete mucous…

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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of tunicates / sea squirts as ADULTS

A

as adults:
- few chordate characteristics
- openings : no one way digestive

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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of tunicates/sea squirts in the LARVAL stage

A

larval :
- notochord
- hollow dorsal nerve cord
- post anal tail
- endostyle
- one way digestive system

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16
Q

Describe vertebrate characteristics

A
  • vertebrae: surrounding nerve cord
  • endoskeleton
  • paired eyes
  • adaptive immune system
  • sexual reproduction (a few parthinogenic exceptions)
  • endostyle absent in adults: becomes thyroid
  • cranial neural crest cells
  • hepatic portal system
17
Q

Describe Charaka’s classification of vertebrates

A

Jarayuja: invertebrates
Anadaja - Vertebrates

18
Q

Describe Artistotle’s classification of vertebrates

A
  • Enaima:
    Have blood, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians
  • Anaima:
    no blood
    invertebrates
19
Q

Describe Pliny the Elder’s classification of vertebrates

A
  • based on location
  • aquatilia
  • terrestria
  • volatrilia
20
Q

Describe Carolus Linnaeus’ classification of vertebrates

A
  • hierarchical structure of classification
  • EXTERNAL ANATOMY
  • Levels:
    kingdom
    phylum
    order
    genus
    species
  • plantae and animalia… fungi came later
21
Q

Describe the current classification scheme of vertebrates

A
  • based on molecular data, morphology and fossils
  • Agnatha (no jaw)
  • Gnathostomata (“Jaw mouth”)
22
Q

Which classes make up superclass Agnatha

A
  • no jaw
  • Class Myxini (greek for slime) - Slime Hags
  • Class cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys
23
Q

which classes make up superclass Gnathostomata

A
  • Jaw mouth
  • Classes:
    chondrichthyes- cartilaginous
    actinopterygii- ray finned
    sarcopterygii- fleshy finned
    amphibia-
    reptilia
    mammalia
    Aves
24
Q

Describe the characteristics of AGNATHA

A
  • jawless
  • no scales
  • simple fins, not paired
  • cartilage, not true bone
  • notochord as adults
  • external fertilization
25
Q

Describe class Myxini

A
  • hagfish/slime hags
  • blind
  • bottom dwellers
  • produces slime (avoid predators, slime glands, intermediate filaments)
  • atypical circulation
    open circulatory system… multiple hearts (3-6)
  • knotting behavior
    Use to get leverage… tie into know, knot shortens, uses body
26
Q

Describe class cephalaspidomorphi

A
  • Lampreys
  • head shield shape
  • up to 1m in length
  • vertebrae : cartilage
  • jawless
  • parasites
  • wrasping tongue
27
Q

Describe superclass Gnathostomata

A
  • jawed fish
  • hinged jaw
  • paired appendages
28
Q

What are the paired appendages within superclass gnathostomata ?

A
  • fins in fish
  • pectoral fins : steering
  • pelvic fins : steering
  • dorsal + anal fins: stability
  • unpaired caudal fin : propulsion
29
Q

Describe Class chondrichthyes?

A
  • cartilaginous fishes
  • cartilaginous skeleton: flexible, light, no blood cells
  • internal fertilization
  • ventral + subterminal mouth
30
Q

How are blood cells produced in cartilaginous fishes?

A
  • blood cells produced in leydig organ and epigonal organ (around the gonads)
31
Q

Describe Subclass Elasmobranchii?

A
  • sharks, rays, skates
  • Size range: dwarf lantern (20 cm) to whale shark (15m)
  • heterocercal caudal fin: propulsion and lift
  • no operculum
  • placoid scales: modified teeth, point to tail… pulp cavity, enamel, dentine…
  • large liver
  • teeth
32
Q

What is the purpose of the shape and direction of the placoid scales?

A
  • to reduce the resistance of water…
  • turbulence can help the shark travel faster
33
Q

Why do subclass elasmobranchii have large livers?

A
  • to fill with squaline:
    lipid
    nonpolar
    low density
    buoyancy
34
Q

Describe class elasmobranchii teeth

A
  • placoid scales
  • new rows of teeth every week, constantly replacing
  • serrates
35
Q

Describe subclass holocephali

A
  • ratfish (“chimeras”
  • long tails
  • operculum
  • no placoid scales
  • poisonous spine
36
Q

Describe class actinopterygii

A
  • ray-finned fishes
  • actino: ray, Pteryx: wing/fin
  • true bone
  • operculum
  • skeletal rays in fins
  • terminal mouth
  • external fertilization
  • swim bladder (gas bladder)
    (buoyancy control, 7% of fish volume)
37
Q

What are the three fin shapes?

A
  • diphycercal (lung fish)
    single pointed tail, bone reaches the tip
  • heterocercal (sharks)
    different points, bone reaches tip of top fin
  • homocercal
    equal size points, skeletal rays
38
Q

Difference in fertilization between rays and skates?

A
  • rays: viviporous… live birth
  • skates: Oviviporous… egg

Natural History of Vertebrates (6 decks)

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