Exam 1 - Outline 2 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Biology’s core theme = __________

Evolution

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If it doesn’t make sense evolutionarily, it doesn’t make sense in __________ .

biology

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a. Currently no other scientific theory that explains how well the world works as well as the theory of __________ .

evolution

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-Components of Darwinism-

__________ -
The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling – it is always changing

Perpetual Change

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-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual Change -
The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling – it is always __________

changing

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-Components of Darwinism-

__________ -
-Basic component on which all others are based.

Perpetual Change

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-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual Change-
Evidence:
__________ : allows scientist to piece together the history of life

A. Fossil Record

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-Components of Darwinism-

Fossil Record: allows scientist to piece together the history of life
–Life goes back in time:

__________ years for animals
1.5 billion years for the first Eukaryotes
__________ years for monerans (prokaryotes)

600 million

- 3.5 billion

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-Components of Darwinism-

Fossil Record: allows scientist to piece together the history of life
–Life goes back in time:

600 million years for animals
__________ years for the first Eukaryotes
3.5 billion years for monerans (prokaryotes)

1.5 billion

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-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual change is so well documented for __________ that all reputable scientists regard it as scientific fact

fossil records

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-Components of Darwinism-

Perpetual change is so well documented for fossil records that all reputable scientists regard it as __________

scientific fact

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-Components of Darwinism-

__________ -
All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages

Common Descent

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-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of __________

lineages

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-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
Living things have a __________ history
-Ancestors > __________ > Decendents
(Life Comes from Life)

unified

- Organism

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-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
Living things have a unified history
- __________ > Organism > __________
Life Comes from Life

Ancestors

- Decendents

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-Components of Darwinism-

Common Descent -
Have the ability to trace the __________ of todays modern species back until they converge on ancesteral lineages that are shared with other __________

genealogies

- species

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__________ : Similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry

Homology

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-Similar organisms have a more recent common ancestor than __________ organisms

dissimilar

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -
A single (ancestral) population can split to produce two or more populations that become different from each other (and the ancestral population) with time

Multiplication of Species

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Multiplication of Species-
A single (ancestral) population can split to produce two or more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  that become different from each other (and the ancestral population) with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

populations

- time

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Multiplication of Species-

-One species splits into two species. One is divided from the other and __________ into a different species over time.

evolves

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Multiplication of Species-

Galapagos Islands & Darwin’s Finches
-13 species of __________ on Galapagos Island

finches

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Multiplication of Species-

Galapagos Islands & Darwin’s Finches
-Came from a single female into ___ species (with time)

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3 steps in evolution of finches-

Immigrant finches __________ an island
After population becomes established, the finches dispersed to other islands. Over time they adapt to new conditions and change genetically.
After periods of __________ , secondary contact is established between the different populations

colonize

- isolation

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3 steps in evolution of finches- 1. Immigrant finches colonize an island 2. After __________ becomes established, the finches dispersed to other islands. Over time they adapt to new conditions and change __________ . 3. After periods of isolation, secondary contact is established between the different populations

- population | - genetically

3 steps in evolution of finches- different populations are then recognized as separate species if they can not successfully __________

interbreed

__________ : The production of many ecologically diverse species from a common ancesteral species

Adaptive Radiation

Adaptive Radiation: The production of many ecologically diverse __________ from a common __________ species

- species | - ancesteral

__________ - | Populations of organisms accumulate small (incremental) changes over very long periods of time.

Gradualism

Gradualism - | Populations of organisms accumulate __________ (incremental) changes over very __________ periods of time.

- small | - long

Gradualism - | The accumulation of small changes may eventually lead to an overall “__________” change

large

__________ transformation (Gradualism)

Phyletic

Gradualism - found intermediate species: - __________ : Reptile bird (ancient Wing) - Tiktallik: __________

- Archaeoptryx | - Fishapod

Gradualism - found intermediate species: - Archaeoptryx: __________ - __________ : Fishapod

- Reptile bird (ancient Wing) | - Tiktallik

__________ - This is the mechanism that explains why organisms appear to be designed to meet the demands of their environments, which is a phenomenon called adaptation.

Natural Selection

Natural Selection- This is the mechanism that explains why organisms appear to be __________ to meet the demands of their environments, which is a phenomenon called __________ .

- designed | - adaptation

__________ - This is a natural process by which populations accumulate favorable characteristics over long periods of time.

Natural Selection

Natural Selection- This is a natural process by which populations accumulate favorable __________ over long periods of time.

characteristics

-Natural selection is the mechanism that produces/explains __________

adaptations

postulate is an assumption of __________

truth

Darwin’s Postulates- P.1 – Individuals within a population __________ from one another .

differ

Darwin’s Postulates- P.2 – The differences are __________ from parent to offspring.

passed

Darwin’s Postulates- P.3 – Some individuals are more successful at __________ and reproducing

-surviving

Darwin’s Postulates- P.4 – Successful individuals are not merely __________, they succeed because of the variant traits they inherited and pass them on to their __________ .

- lucky | - offspring

Darwin’s Postulates- P.3 - - natural populations do fluctuate in size from generation to generation and some will go __________. - “struggle for __________” among individuals within a population

- extinct | - existence

Darwin’s Postulates- P.4- individuals with favorable traits will survive better than those with __________ traits; this is called differential __________

- unfavorable | - survival

Darwin’s Postulates- P.4 - individuals with favorable traits will survive better than those with unfavorable traits; this is called differential survival - they will produce __________ offspring than the individuals without those traits; this is called differential __________

- more | - reproduction

Darwin’s Postulates- | If all four postulates are true, then the population will inevitably change from one __________ to the next

-generation

Differential Survival + Differential Reproduction = __________

Natural Selection

Differential __________ + Differential __________ = Natural Selection

- Survival | - Reproduction

__________ – an inherited characteristic of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Adaptation

Adaptation – an inherited characteristic of organisms that enhance their __________ and __________ in specific environments

- survival | - reproduction

Adaptation is a trait that increases an organisms __________ compared to individuals lacking it

fitness

__________ : The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals.

Relative Fitness

Relative Fitness: The contribution an individual makes to the __________ pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of other __________ .

- gene | - individuals

**Natural Selection is the only process that can naturally create __________ .

adaptation

Natural selection operates on __________

individuals

survival of the fittest- | -Less fit are not necessarily __________ , they just don’t survive as well as the fit.

eliminated

Natural selection operates on individuals, populations __________

evolve

Is evolution via natural selection a goal-oriented process? __________

…. NO

-Adaptations can only produce adaptations to immediate, local __________ .

environments

-Evolution via natural selection cannot know what __________ environments will be like.

future

-Evolution is always one __________ behind

generation

-Offsprings are adapted to their __________ environment

parents

When faced with a changing environment, what options does a population have? 1. __________ 2. Disperse 3. __________

- Adapt (via natural selection) | - Go extinct

When faced with a changing environment, what options does a population have? 1. Adapt (via natural selection) 2. __________ 3. Go extinct

Disperse

__________ is a typical consequence of the evolutionary process

Extinction

1. Can natural selection fashion perfect organisms? __________

… NO

Selection can only act on an existing variation of a __________ and will favor the fittest __________ currently available

- trait | - phenotypes

Evolution is limited by __________ constraints | i. Taking existing structures and adapting them to new __________

- historical | - situations

a. Adaptations are often __________

compromise

Chance, __________ , and the environment interact

natural selection

Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact: --Ex; Birds get blown off course during migration, drug resistance __________ , penicillin, mersa, __________ vaccination

- bacteria | - flu

Exam 1 - Outline 2 Flashcards

(73 cards)