Exam 1 - Part 1 Flashcards
Chapter 1 and 2 Evolution of Microorganisms and Microscopy
1
Q
Top causes of death in the US
A
- heart disease
- cancer
- stroke
- chronic lower respiratory diseases
- influenza and pneumonia
- septicemia (bloodstream infection)
- top ten causes of death worldwide also include HIV, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis
2
Q
Louis Pasteur
A
- swan neck flask experiments
- disproved theory of spontaneous generation
- yeast fermentation to make alcohol
- pasteurization
3
Q
Robert Koch
A
- etiology of anthrax
- Koch’s postulates
- still used today to establish the link between a particular organism and a particular disease
4
Q
what was the first living creatures on planet earth?
A
microbes
5
Q
what are the characteristics of microbes?
A
- are more diverse than plants and animals
- are more abundant than any other living thing
- grow in every ecological niche on earth that has a source of liquid H20
- can transform the geosphere
- can affect the climate by production/use of CO2, N2, O2, and CH4
- participate in symbiotic relationships with other organisms
- only a small fraction of microbes causes diseases
6
Q
what are diseases caused by microbes called?
A
infectious diseases
7
Q
basic research microbiology
A
by kind of organism, by process, or in relation to diseases
8
Q
applied microbiology
A
disease relation, environmental, and industrial
9
Q
what are the three domains of microorganisms
A
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
10
Q
how are the three domains of living structures classified?
A
by size, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and presence of organelles
11
Q
what do life forms obey?
A
-the laws of physics and chemistry
12
Q
what are life forms made of?
A
- molecules
- polymers of proteins
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids
13
Q
what are the three types of chemical bonds? are there others?
A
- ionic
- covalent
- hydrogen bonds
- hydrophobic interaction
- van der Waals force
14
Q
what are the 6 major bio-elements? are there others?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium, and potassium
15
Q
what is the role of water in life?
A
- H bonds between water molecules contribute to a high boiling point
- H bonds hold and absorb energy that make water a temp buffer
- water is a polar molecule and capable of forming H bonds with other, which makes water an excellent solvent
16
Q
endergonic
A
requires energy
17
Q
exergonic
A
releases energy
18
Q
chemical reactions
A
a change in energy that occurs during any chemical reaction. may be classified as endergonic or exergonic, and could include activation energy, catalysts, and enzymes
19
Q
what can organic compounds be?
A
- acidic or basic
- polar or nonpolar
- hydrophilic or hydrophobic
20
Q
polymers
A
a long stretch of identical/similar molecules (monomers)
21
Q
sugars
A
polysaccharides
22
Q
fatty acids
A
lipids
23
Q
nucleotide bases
A
nucleic acids
24
Q
amino acids
A
proteins
25
carbohydrates
sugars/polysaccharides
26
what are the important roles of carbohydrates?
- contribute to structural support
- serve as nutrient and energy stores
- important components of cell membrane
27
cellulose
found in plants and algae
28
peptidogylcan
found in bacterial cell walls
29
lipopolysaccharide
complex of lipid and polysaccharide (endotoxins)
30
glycocalyx
found on the outer surface, functions in attachments, role in biofilm
31
monosaccirides
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
32
disacchrides
sucrose, lactose, maltose,
33
polysaccrides
starch, gylcogen, and cellulose
34
triglycerides
storage including fats and oils
35
glycerol
3-carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as binding sites
36
fatty acids
long-chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group (COOH) that binds with glycerol
37
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
saturated are solid at room temp, and unsaturated are liquid at room temp
38
membrane lipids
- hydrophilic region from the charge on the phosphoric acid-alcohol head
- hydrophobic region n the long, uncharged rail
- these lipids naturally assume single and double layers (bilayers), which contribute to their biological significance in membranes
39
what does RNA serve as?
- intermediate between DNA and protein (mRNA)
- functional molecule as in tRNA
- structural molecule as in rRNA
40
what are the three components of DNA and RNA?
- nucleotide bases (A,C, G, T)
| - sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), and phosphate
41
what are proteins made out of?
amino acids
42
what are the essential purposes of proteins in the cell?
- as enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
- regulate cellular processes
- provide structural support, collagen
- as surface receptors (signals)
- as carries, carry molecules across the membrane
43
what are the factors that affect protein shape?
- pH
- temp
- salt concertation
- changing these variables alters the activity/function of a protein
- if a protein's shape is altered so severely that the protein no longer functions, the protein is said to be denatured
44
what are cells?
cells are essentially well organized assemblages of macromolecules with many common features shared among diverse types of cells, such as bacteria, mammals, plants, and fungi
45
cenitmeter
10^-2 meter
46
milimeter
10^-3 meter
47
micrometer
10^-6 meter
48
nanometer
10^-9 meter
49
angstrom
10^-10 meter
50
light microscopy microscopes
- bright-field
- dark-field
- phase-contrast
- fluorescence
51
what are the types of electron microscopes?
TEM and SEM
52
what are the uses for wet mounts?
- for living organisms
| - used for observing motility
53
what is smear prepartation used for?
- dead cells
| - stains of dead cells
54
what are simple stains used for? what are the types of dyes?
- simple stains are used showing morphology, size, and arrangement
- positive and negative
55
positive staining
uses basic dye that binds to the specimen
56
negative staining
uses acidic dye that binds to the background
57
basic dyes
-have positively charged groups, bind to negatively charged molecules such as nucleic acids, many proteins, and the surfaces of bacterial and archaeal cells
58
acidic dyes
-in their ionized form, have a negative charge and bind to positively charged cell structures
59
what are the examples of differential staining?
- gram stain
- acid-fast stain
- structural stains
60
what are microorganisms?
organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
61
what includes microbes?
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses
62
what are the jobs of microorganisms?
- decompose waste and generate oxygen by photosynthesis
- produce fermented food
- produce industrial products such as acids and alcohols, and biofules
63
how many cells is an adult human composed of? bacterial cells?
- 30 trillion body cells
| - 40 trillion bacterial cells
64
what is the microbiome?
- a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
- help to maintain good health
- can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
- may help train immune system to discriminate threats
65
how are microbiota aquired?
- begin as newborns
- may colonize the body indefinitely or be fleeting
- normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens and produce growth factors for vitamins B and K
66
the human microbiome project
- begin in 2007
- goal of determining the makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body
- secondary goal of understanding the relationship between changes in microbiome and human disease
67
the national microbiome initiative (NMI)
- begin in 2016
| - explores the role microbes play in different ecosystems
68
biotechnology
is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals
69
recombinant DNA technology
enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes
- missing or deflective genes in human cells can be replaces in gene therapy
- genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing
