Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microorganisms > Exam 3 - Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

genetic engineering

A

deliberate modification of organim’s genetic information by directly changing the sequence of nucleic acids in it genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

procedures used to carry out genetic engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

biotechnology

A

use of organisms to form useful products

  • grow cells and collect DNA
  • use of restriction enzymes and vectors
  • put pieces of DNA into vector to put into host and express gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gel electrophoresis of DNA

A
  • used to separate molecules based on their charge and size
  • agrose or acrylamide gels can be used to sparate DNA fragments
  • DNA is acidic and it migrates from the negative to the positive end of the gel
  • used for separating molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can gel electrophoresis also be used in?

A

protein analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the technique of PCR

A
  • rapid amplification of a speific DNA fragment from a complex mixture of DNA and other cellular components
  • pieces of DNA ranging in size from 100 to several thousand base pairs in length can be amplified
  • PCR negates the need for some of the steps traditionally required for clining of a gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is blotting and what are the three types of blotting techniques?

A

southern, western, and northern

- gel is fragile, and it can break up, which is why you transfer the gel to paper called nitrocellulose paper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

southern blotting technique

A

used to detect specific DNA fragments

- often uses radioactive DNA hybridization probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

autoradiography

A

method for detecting radioactively labeled molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

recombinant DNA cloning vectors

A

cloning vectors are used to provide many copies of cloned DNA (via replication in a host organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

each type of cloning vector generally has what?

A
  • an origin of replication
  • a selectible marker
  • a unique restriction site(s) called a multicloning site (MCS) or polylinker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

construction of genomic libraries

A
  • used when gene of interest is on a chromosome that has not been fully sequenced
  • the library is constructed by cleaving the genome and then cloning the fragments into vectors
  • the libraries are screened for the genes of interest in a vareity of ways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the most common hosts for recombinant DNA?

A
  • e coli (prokaryotic)

- saccharomyces cerevisiae (eukaroytic host)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are hosts engineered for recombinant DNA?

A
  • engineered to lack restriction enzymes and RecA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the different ways to introduce DNA into microbes?

A
  • transformation
  • electroporation
  • protoplast fusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

genomic fingerprnting

A
  • also used for microbial classification and determination of phylogenic relationships
  • takes advantage of the presence of multi copies of highly conserved and repetitive DNA sequences present in both gram negative an positive bacteria
  • restriction enzymes are cleaved and cut into specific fragments and compared
  • these sequences are amplified by PCR
  • then run on agarose gel and analyzed by a computer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

applications of genetic engineering in medicine

A
  • many useful proteins

- gene therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

applications of genetic engineering in agriculture

A
  • use of genetic engineers allow for the direct transfer of desirable traits to agricultually important animals and plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

industrial fermentation

A

the mass culture of microbes (or plant and animal cells)

- requires precise control of agitation, temp, pH, and oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

biofuel production

A

transformation of organic materials into biofuels such as ethanol and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the types of secondary metabolites?

A

industrial and agricultural products, food additives, products for human and animal health, biofuels, vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

penicillin

A

requires precise control of nutrients by manipulating C and N source
- this causes the microbe to over produce a secondary metabolite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the process of electrophoresis?

A
  • pour agarose into a plate
  • put holes in to the top of the plate and load DNA into the wells
  • the DNA will travel to the other side of the gel
  • the smaller the fragments, the further they will go
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is taq polymerase used in PCR?

A
  • this polymerase is great at withstanding high temperatures, allowing for DNA to be replicated at high temps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

western blotting technique

A

transfer proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

northern blotting technique

A

transfer RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the process of blotting?

A
  • locate fragments
  • make probe that is homologous to the DNA to find a specific molecule
  • a radioactive label to form a complementary bond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

selectible marker

A
  • gene in a vector that allows for an organism to grow in a lab environment with a vector
  • can carry antibiotic resistant genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

restriction sites

A
  • restriction enzymes can cut and put in a new gene

- cut out the pieces you want

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cosmid

A
  • man-made, is a plamid and virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the different types of vectors?

A

plasmid, bacteriophage, cosmid, PAC, BAC, YAC

32
Q

what are some examples of a plasmid vector?

A

pBR322 and pUC19

33
Q

PAC

A

p1 artificial chromosomes

34
Q

BAC

A

bacterial artificial chromomes

35
Q

YAC

A

yeast artificial chromosomes

36
Q

what is the process of constructing a recombinant plasmid?

A
  • use restriction enzymes to cut up DNA at specific sites
  • recognizes dsDNA and specific pattern
  • forms a sticky end (palindrome sequence) for complementary plasmid and the recombinant DNA
  • may result in a blunt end where recombinant DNA cannot fit
37
Q

process of inserting recombinant DNA into host cells

A
  • mimick transformation in the lab
  • host does not have restriction enzymes
  • has to be competent
38
Q

competent

A
  • receptive of foreign DNA for transformation

- cold and then heat shock

39
Q

electroporation

A

makes DNA more porous, not as widely used

40
Q

what does RFLP stand for and what is the process?

A
  • restriction fragment length polymerazation
  • used in genomic fingerprinting
  • cut up with restriction enzymes
  • isolate DNA (PCR if needed)
  • electrophoresis and blotting
  • analyze by looking for highly conserved and repetitive regions
  • put into a computer program and compare with other DNA fragments
41
Q

autonomous replication

A
  • can replicate on its own with the help of an ORI

- independent of host chromosome

42
Q

interleukins (cytokins)

A
  • proteins produced by the immune system as immunomodulators, communication between immune system components
  • used for attacking cancer cells
43
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A
  • types of cytokin

- anti-cancer, destroys cancer cells

44
Q

metabolic engineering

A
  • genetic manipulation of enzymes
  • design new pathways and enzymes involved to make less or more of something
  • whole genome shuffeling
45
Q

what are the products produced during metabolic engineering?

A

lysine (aa), antibiotics, lipases, lycopene, lactic acid, enzymes

46
Q

biofuel production

A
  • ethanol made from nonhydrocarbon sources
  • agricultural products like corn can be turned into glucose, yeast, and then alcohol
  • brazil has the same process with sugar cane
47
Q

primary metabolites

A
  • minimal reuirements to maintain life, normal growth

- processes like glycolysis, krebs, etc, etc. to make building blocks

48
Q

secondary metabolites

A
  • enzymes that are not normally made

- molecules not produces under normal conditions

49
Q

subunit vaccine

A

pieces of the virus are made in a lab, like a protein or polypeptide, the body thinks you have been infected by the virus and produces antibodies
- uses reverse vaccinology to decide which protein is best to protect the body

50
Q

annotation

A

determine location of genes on newly sequenced genome

51
Q

genome annotation

A
  • locates genes on a genome map
  • identifies each ORF in a genome
  • uses database to assign function of a gene
52
Q

paralogs

A
  • two or more genes found alike in the same genome that likely arose from gene duplication
53
Q

orthologs

A

two or more genes very similar in different organisms that are predicted to have same functions

54
Q

proteomics

A
  • study of the proteome, the entire collection of proteins that an organism produces
55
Q

functional proteomics

A

information that determines what is actually happening in the cell

56
Q

metabolomics

A

identifies all the small molecule metabolites in a cell at a given time

57
Q

lipidomics

A

determines a cell’s lipid profile at a given time, allows an assessment of how the environment affects a cell’s membrane

58
Q

comparative genomic analysis

A
  • has provided info about virulence and evolution as well as potential targets for therapy or vaccines
  • for example, comparison of m. tuberculosis with m. leprae has given insight into its evolution as an intracellular parasite
59
Q

capsid

A
  • protects DNA/RNA
  • involves in recognizing the host surface
  • facilitates nucleic acid penetration
60
Q

envelope

A

composed of host lipid and viral proteins

61
Q

spike

A

used for recognition and attachment to host

62
Q

steps required for replication

A
  • attachment
  • entry
  • uncoating of genome
  • synthesis
  • assembly
  • release
63
Q

what does the mechanism of viral replication depend on?

A
  • type of nucleic acid

- naked or enveloped virus

64
Q

viral routes of entry

A

respiratory, alimentary, skin, genital, conjunctiva

65
Q

viral shedding

A

respiratory or oropharyngeal secretions, feces, skin, urine, milk, genital secretion, blood

66
Q

viral spread in the body

A
  • Local spread of epithelial surfaces
  • Subepithelial invasion/lymphatic spread
  • Viremia - spread by the bloodstream
  • Invasion of skin, CNS, other organs
  • Invasion of the fetus
67
Q

Factors Contributing to the Viral Pathogenicity: entering the host cell

A
  1. Directly via trauma or insect bites

2. Through mucous membrane (respiratory, GI, Urogenital tracts)

68
Q

lysogens

A

infected bacterial host

69
Q

monolayer

A
  • Primary cell cultures
  • Fused with myeloma cell
  • Results in cell culture formation
  • will grow indefinitely
  • used to grow viruses
70
Q

tumor

A

– growth or lump of tissue;

– benign tumors remain in place

71
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal new cell growth and reproduction due to loss of regulation

72
Q

anaplasia

A

reversion to a more primitive or less differentiated state

73
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancerous cells throughout body

74
Q

Possible Mechanisms by Which Viruses Cause Cancer

A

Viral proteins bind host cell tumor suppressor
proteins
• Carry oncogene into cell and insert it into host
genome
• Altered cell regulation
• Insertion of promoter or enhancer next to
cellular oncogene

75
Q

western blot

A

extract proteins

76
Q

northern blot

A

extract RNA

Microorganisms (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions