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Microorganisms > Exam 1 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Part 2 Flashcards

Chapters 3-5, 7 Bacterial, Archaeal, Eukaryotic structure, and Bacterial and Archaeal Growth

1
Q

what makes an endospore so resistant?

A
  • calcium complexed with dipicolinic acid
  • small acid-soluble DNA-binding proteins
  • dehydrated core
  • spore coat
  • DNA repair enzymes
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2
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside, water moves out of cell

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3
Q

colony

A

visible growth or cluster of microorganisms

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4
Q

what environmental conditions are bacterial endospores resistant to?

A
  • heat
  • radiation
  • chemicals
  • desiccation
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5
Q

the charge gradient

A

when the cell membrane holds back protons it also holds back a charge thus generating proton motive force which creates dual energy

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6
Q

psychrotroph

A

prefer to grow in lower temps but can grow in higher temps than psychrophiles
- involved in food spoilage

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7
Q

what is the virulence facor?

A

a tool or mechanism that a bacteria has to cause disease

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8
Q

integral proteins

A

embedded within the membrane and not easily removed

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9
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
  • transport ions ad larger molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient
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10
Q

active transport

A
  • uniport/symport/antiport
  • energy dependent transport
  • can work against the concentration gradient
  • used to concentrate 1000X greater than outside
  • uses proton motive force (PMF) as energy source
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11
Q

cilia

A

short projections, found in eukaryotes

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12
Q

electron microscopes

A

mechanism: uses electron beams in place of visible light to produce the magnified image
uses: can clearly see images 100,000x

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13
Q

capsule stain

A

because the viscous capsule does not readily take stains

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14
Q

differential stains

A

distinguished one group of microorganisms from another

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15
Q

do polar molecules move freely across the membrane? what can move across the membrane?

A
  • no, with the exception of water
  • fat soluble molecules
  • hopanoids (steroids like cholesterol)
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16
Q

confocal microscopy

A
  • cells are stained with fluorochrome dyes
  • generate images of a simple plane of a specimen
  • each plane in a specimen is illuminated and a three-dimensional image is constructed with a computer
  • can examine layer of cells to a depth of 100 micrometer
  • laser beam, very sharp images, can see different angles and 3D images
  • explains phagocytosis
  • fluorescent dyes to see antibodies
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17
Q

what is the mechanism of action of EMB agar?

A

two dyes, eosin Y and methylene blue, inhibit the growth of gram + bacteria. they also react with acidic products released by certain gram - bacteria when they use lactose or sucrose as carbon and energy source. colonies of gram - bacteria that produce large amounts of acidic products have green, metallic sheen

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18
Q

what is the functional type of MacConkey (MAC) agar?

A

selective and differential

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19
Q

confocal microscope

A

mechanism: mirrors scan a laser beam across successive regions and plans of a specimen. from that data, a computer constructs an image
uses: used to construct a three dimensional image structure, provides detailed sectional views of intact cells

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20
Q

flagella stain

A

the staining agent adheres to and coats the otherwise thin flagella, enabling them to be seen with the light microscope

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21
Q

psychrophile

A

prefers low temps

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22
Q

active transport

A

requires a transporter protein and ATP, goes against gradient

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23
Q

prokaryotic nucleoid

A

localization of genetic material (DNA)

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24
Q

what is the difference in eukaryotic chromosomes versus prokaryotic?

A
  • multiple and are enclosed
  • bacteria only have one set but has extra in plasmids
  • euks have chloroplasts and mitochondria
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25
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

mechanism: transmits a beam of electrons through a specimen
uses: elaborate specimen preparation, which may introduce artifacts, is required
- section specimen into thin sections - cross section, enables viewer to see the details inside

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26
Q

atomic force

A

mechanism: a tip bends in response to even the slightest force
uses: can operate in air and in liquids

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27
Q

faculative anaerobes

A
  • both aerobic and anaerobic growth, greater growth in the presence of oxygen
  • growth is best where most oxygen is present but occurs throughout the tube
  • has SOD and catalase
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28
Q

flourscence

A
  • mechanism: projects ultraviolet light, causing fluorescent molecules in e specimen to emit longer wavelength light
    uses: used to observe cells that have been stained or tagged with florescent dye
  • used as a diagnostic tool
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29
Q

mechanism of flagellar movement

A
  • flagellum rotates like a propeller
  • counterclockwise rotation causes forward motion (run)
  • clockwise rotation disrupts run, causing a tumble
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30
Q

what are capsules?

A
  • usually composed of polysaccharides
  • well organized and nor easily removed from cell
  • helps prevent phagocytosis (immune system kills bacteria)
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31
Q

osmosis

A
  • the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concetration
  • through lipid layer in aquaporins (water channels)
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32
Q

sex pili

A
  • similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker, and less numerous
  • required for mating
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33
Q

endospore stain

A

stains endospores, a type of dominant cell that does not readily take up stains, these are produced by the genera bacillus and clostridium

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34
Q

what is germination in endospores?

A

germination, takes it back to vegetative state

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35
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • continues until molecules reach equilibrium
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36
Q

selective media

A
  • a media that allows one group of microbes to grow and inhibits another
  • add nutrients and chemicals that prevent the growth of one group over another
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37
Q

Biosafety Level 2

A

lab coat, gloves, eye protection

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38
Q

prokaryotic cell wall

A

gives prokaryotes shape and protection from osmotic stress

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39
Q

effects of NaCl on growth

A
  • halophiles: grow optimally at >.2 M

- extreme halophiles: require > 2 M

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40
Q

group translocation

A
  • the phosphotransferase system (PTS)

- the nutrient is chemically altered

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41
Q

prokaryotic endospore

A

survival under harsh environmental conditions

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42
Q

prokaryotic cell wall

A
  • rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
  • protects the cell from osmotic lysis
  • very few prokaryotes lack cell walls
  • composed of mesh-like polymer composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
  • peptidoglycan subunits are cross-linked by peptides
  • gram + has 25 layers, gram - has 5 layers
  • penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
  • cell wall usually consists of complex polysaccharides
  • some archaea have walls made of pseudomurein
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43
Q

what makes plasmids so special?

A
  • small piece of DNA - extra chromosomes
  • carry genes for antibiotic resistance and disease causing genes
  • these genes can be shared through pili and given to other bacteria through conjugation
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44
Q

defined/synthetic media:

A
  • everything is known in terms of grams (like carbon or nitrogen)
  • measure everything specifically
  • pH is not controlled
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45
Q

uniporter

A
  • active transport

- one substance is transported

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46
Q

Biosafety Level 4

A

sealed, negative pressure

-exhaust air is filtered twice through HEPA filters

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47
Q

how is fluorescent microscopy used as a diagnostic tool?

A
  • antibody is used to find the bacteria

- fluorescent dye is added to the end of an antibody tail, which transfers to the bacteria and is able to track it

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48
Q

thermophiles

A

can grow in boiling temps

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49
Q

what is the universal principle life is based on?

A

the specific interaction of molecules with each other. interacting molecules interact as pairs called ligand and receptor

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50
Q

pure culture

A

population of cells arising from a single cell

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51
Q

what outer structure does eukaryotes have but prokaryotes do not?

A
  • cilia

- bacteria have pili and fimbriae

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52
Q

what are most human pathogens?

A

mesophiles

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53
Q

antiporter

A

active transport

-one substance is transported in as a different one exists

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54
Q

prokaryotic gas vacuole

A

buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

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55
Q

what are slime layers?

A

similar to capsules except it diffuses, it is unorganized and easily removed

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56
Q

prokaryotic capsules and slime layers

A

resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces

- made of proteins or polysaccharides

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57
Q

prokaryotic fimbriae and pili

A

attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating

58
Q

what are the systems used to move nutrients and water products across the membrane?

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
  • group translocation
59
Q

phase-contrast

A

mechanism: amplifies differences in refractive index to create contrast
uses: makes unstained cells more readily visible
- based off of the density of different cellular components. can use dyes to see the densities in different colors

60
Q

differential media

A
  • media that differentiates one growth from another
  • if there are two organisms growing, they will be two different colors
  • this is based off pH bc it is a pH indicator
61
Q

integral proteins

A

embedded within the membrane and not easily removed

62
Q

what is the functional type of mannitol salt agar?

A

selective and differential

63
Q

bright-field

A

mechanism: illuminates the field of view evenly
uses: most common type of microscope

64
Q

what are the by products of oxygen? what can help prevent this?

A
  • peroxide, superoxide, and free radicals

- catalyse and SOD (superoxide dismutase)

65
Q

What are the types of bacteria that produce endospores? what diseases do they cause?

A
  • Clostridium, *gangrene, *botulism, tetanus, CDAD

- Bacillus - anthrax, food poisoning

66
Q

interferences

A

mechanism: two light beams pass through the specimen and then recombine
uses: causes the specimen to appear as a three-dimensional image

67
Q

the growth curve

A

-observed when microorganisms are cultivated in batch culture
(batch = culture incubated in a closed vessel with a single batch of medium )
-usually plotted as logarithm of cell number versus time

68
Q

measurement of cell numbers: viable cell counts

A
  • plating methods

- membrane filtration methods

69
Q

special stains

A

stains specific structures inside or outside of cell

70
Q

AHL

A

acylhomerine lactone. an auto-inducer molecule produced by many gram negative organisms

  • concentration present allows cells to access population density
  • apart of quorum sensing
71
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell, water moves into cell

72
Q

simple stains

A

employs a basic dye to impart a color to a cell, easy way to increase the contrast between otherwise colorless cells and a transparent background

73
Q

common macroelements of culture media

A

C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, MG, Fe

74
Q

common micronutrients of culture media

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu

75
Q

what color does acid-fast stain?

A

red cells are acid fast, blue cells are non-acid fast

76
Q

the plasma membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm
  • peripheral proteins on the membrane surface
  • integral and transmembrane proteins penetrate the membrane
77
Q

measurement of cell numbers: direct cell counts

A
  • counting chambers
  • electronic counters
  • on membrane filters
78
Q

prokaryotic flagella

A

movement

79
Q

gram positive cell walls

A
  • thick peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acids link cell wall to plasma membrane
  • 25 layers
80
Q

Biosafety Level 3

A

biosafety cabinets to prevent airborne transmission

81
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • prokaryotic cells lack membrane-enclosed organelles (including a nucleus)
  • peptidoglycan is found only in prokaryotes
  • endospores only found in prokaryotes
82
Q

symporter

A

active transport

-two different substances are transported at the same time and in the same direction

83
Q

prokaryotes cell overview

A
  • one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
  • no histones
  • no organelles
  • divides by binary fission
84
Q

isotonic solution

A

solute concentrations equal inside and outside of cell, water is at equilibrium

85
Q

gram stain

A

used to separate bacteria into two major groups, gram-positive and gram-negative. The staining characteristics of these groups reflect a fundamental difference in the chemical structure of their cell walls, this is by far the most widely used staining procedure

86
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • interaction between diffusion facilitator protein and nutrient molecules
  • specific binding of nutrient to facilitator protein
  • conformational change in facilitator protein
  • release of nutrients into the cytoplasm of the cell until equilibrium is met
87
Q

mycobacteria

A
  • waxy thick shell wall, made of lipids, can’t pick up the gram stain, have to use acid fast
  • TB and leprosy
88
Q

what color does gram stain?

A

purple cells are gram positive and red cells are gram negative

89
Q

what are fimbriae?

A
  • short, thin, hairlike proteinaceous appendages
  • mediate attachment to surfaces
  • some (type IV fimbriae) are required for twitching motility or gliding motility that occurs in some bacteria
90
Q

transmembrane protein

A
  • spans across the cell membrane and shows up on either end of the cell wall
  • functions as a carrier, receptor, and signal transduction (start/stop chemical reactions)
91
Q

biofilms

A
  • ubiquitous in nature
  • complex, slime enclosed colonies attached to surfaces
  • form on medical devices such as implants often leading to illness
  • microbes reversibly attach to conditioned surface and release polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA bio-film
  • interactions occur among the attached organisms
  • extracellular matric and change in attached organisms protects them from UV light and antibiotics
  • sloughing off of organisms results in contamination of surroundings
  • bacteria sticks to the surface and on top of one another and communicate with one another to release proteins and polysaccharides
92
Q

what is the functional type of eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar?

A

selective and differential

93
Q

transmission

A

higher the number of bacteria, lower the transmission

94
Q

prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes, detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis

95
Q

auto-inducer

A
  • produces chemicals that penetrate into other cells around them
  • triggers gene expression for a specific molecules
96
Q

light microscope

A

mechanism: visible light passes through a series of lenses to produce a magnified image
uses: relativly easy to use, considerably less expensive than confocal and electron microscope

97
Q

what are the cell walls made of in bacteria? archaea?

A
  • peptidoglycan

- pseudomurein

98
Q

Biosafety Level 1

A

no special precautions, basic teaching labs

99
Q

obligate anaerobes

A
  • only aerobic growth, growth ceases in presence of oxygen

- has SOD, may or may not have catalase

100
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • repelling or moving away from a toxic molecule

- go through tumble and run to move away or towards things in the environment

101
Q

what cannot penetrate biofilms?

A

antibodies and antibiotics

102
Q

what is the functional type of a blood agar medium

A

enriched and differential

103
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely associated with the membrane and easily removed

104
Q

what are the uses of materials that lie outside the cell wall? (external cell wall)

A
  • protect against host immune system
  • protects against harsh environment
  • facilitates attachment to surfaces
  • facilitates motility of gliding bacteria
105
Q

what is the glycocalyx?

A
  • network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of the cell
  • a capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides can also be referred to as a glycocalyx
106
Q

the membrane

A

the key barrier between the cell and the outside world. mainly composed of lipids and proteins

107
Q

compare the sizes of microbes

A
  • viruses: nm
  • bacteria: mm
  • animal cell: tens of mm
108
Q

flourescence microscopy

A
  • uses UV light
  • fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit visible light
  • cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes)
  • diagnostic microscopy
109
Q

culture media

A
  • most contain all the nutrients required by the organism for growth
  • defined or synthetic
  • complex
  • selective
  • differential
110
Q

prokaryotic cell membranes

A
  • absolute requirement for all living organisms
  • encompasses the cytoplasm
  • some prokaryotes have internal membrane system
  • separates cell from its environment
  • selectively permeable barrier
  • transport systems aid in movement of molecules
  • location of crucial metabolic processes
  • detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings with the aid f special receptor molecules in the membrane
  • crucial metabolic processes like ETC
111
Q

complex media

A
  • plant, animal, or bacteria extracts that are dehydrated ground up as foods for microbes to grow
  • don’t have to measure the extracts
  • pH is controlled
112
Q

obligate aerobes

A
  • only aerobic growth, oxygen required
  • growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium
  • has SOD and catalase
113
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

mechanism: a beam of electrons scans back and forth over the surface of the specimen
uses: used for observing surface details, produces a three-dimensional effect
- specimen stay intact, see outer structure, but no inside details

114
Q

similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A
  • similar polymers
  • carry similar chemical reactions
  • both have ribosomes
  • both may or may not have a cell wall
  • similar cell membranes
115
Q

absorption

A

higher number of bacteria, higher the absorption

- also depends on OD, the higher the OD, the higher the number of absorption and cells

116
Q

bacterial endospores

A
  • formed by some bacteria

- dormant

117
Q

group translocation

A

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

118
Q

dark-field

A

mechanism: light is directed toward the specimen at an angle
uses: makes unstained cells more readily visible, organisms stand our as bright objects against a dark background

119
Q

flagella

A

long projections found in both eukaryotes and eukaryotes

120
Q

effects of pH on growth

A

-acidophiles’ alkalophiles withstand high/low pH
-most maintain an internal pH near neutrality
-the plasma membrane is
impermeable to protons
-some synthesize
protective proteins
-many change pH of their habitat by producing acidic/basic products

121
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A
  • only anaerobic growth, but growth continues in presence of oxygen
  • growth occurs evenly, oxygen has no effect
122
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
  • larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes
  • ingested photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts
  • ingested aerobic bacteria became mitochondria
123
Q

what are some examples of an external cell wall?

A
  • glycocalyx
  • capsules
  • slime layers
  • S-layers
124
Q

eukaryote cell overview

A
  • paired chromosomes
  • histones
  • organelles
  • divides by mitosis
125
Q

pili and fimbriae

A

short projections, found in prokaryotes

126
Q

what is the mechanism of action of mannitol salt agar?

A

a concentration of 7.5% NaCl selects for the growth of staphylococci. pathogenic staphylococci can be differentiated based on the release of acidic products when they use mannitol as a carbon and energy source. the acidic products caused a pH indicator (phenol red) in the medium to turn yellow

127
Q

acid-fast stain

A

used to detect members of the genus mycobacterium in a specimen. due to the lipid composition of their cell walls these organisms do not readily take up stains
- detects mycobacteria to see TB and leprosy

128
Q

what are S-layers?

A
  • regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein

- more common among archaea (protects against osmotic stress

129
Q

how are acidophiles able to survive such high pH levels?

A

because they can remain neutral by not allowing protons to enter through the plasma membrane.
- no matter what the environment is, the inside of the bacterial cell is neutral

130
Q

what is the mechanism of action of a blood agar medium?

A

supports the growth of many fastidious bacteria. these can be differentiated based on their ability to produce hemolysis - protein that lyse red blood cells. hemolysis appears as a clear zone or greenish halo around the colony

131
Q

compare gram positive and negative on the following:

  • outermembrane
  • LPS
  • teichoic acid
  • lysozyme
  • penicillin G
  • sensitivity to complement
A
  • outermembrane: absent in G+, present in G-
  • LPS: absent in G+, present in G-
  • teichoic acid: present in G+, absent in G-
  • lysozyme: high in G+, low in G-
  • penicillin: easy in G+, difficult in G-
  • complement: low in G+, high in G-
132
Q

what is quorum sensing?

A
  • AHL or other signal molecule diffuses across plasma membrane
  • at high concentrations it enters the cell
  • once inside the cell, it induces expression of target genes that regulate a variety of functions
133
Q

prokaryotic periplasmic space

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake

134
Q

how resistant are biofilms to microbicides? what percentage is biofilms involved in infection? what kinds of infections?

A
  • 1000X
  • 70%
  • catheters, heart valves, contact lenses, and dental carries
135
Q

what is the mechanism of action of MAC agar?

A

the selective components of MAC are bile salts and crystal violet, which inhibit the growth of gram + bacteria. the presence of lactose and neutral red, a pH indicator, allows the differentiation of gram - bacteria based on the products released when they used lactose as a carbon energy sources. the colonies of those that releases acidic products are red

136
Q

what are the cardinal growth factors?

A

minimum, optimal, and maximum

137
Q

what are the four distinct phases of the growth curve?

A
  1. lag phase
  2. log phase
  3. stationary phase
  4. death phase
138
Q

when did life arise as simple organisms?

A

3.5-4 billion years ago

139
Q

where does the energy for PTS come from?

A
  • PEP from glycolysis, from group translocation

- glucose becomes glucose - 6 - phosphate

140
Q

when did the first eukaryote evolve?

A

2.5 billion years ago

141
Q

gram negative cell walls

A
  • thin peptidoglycan
  • outer membrane
  • periplasmic space
  • 5 layers
142
Q

prokaryotic inclusion bodies

A

storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances

Microorganisms (11 decks)

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