Exam 1 (PG 1-21) Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
how many segments if in a typical column in an adolescent?
A
33
2
Q
how many vetebrae is in an adult?
A
26 vertebrae: 24 presacral segments, the 5 fused segments forming sacrum, and 4 fused segments forming the coccyx
3
Q
Describe the presacral vertebrae
A
they are individualy moveable and are divided into three regions: cervical, thoracis or dorsal, and lumbar; referred to as spine
4
Q
How many cervical veretbrae does the two-toed sloth have?
A
6
5
Q
how many cervical vertebrae does a mantee have?
A
6
6
Q
how many cervical vertebrae does an ant bear have?
A
8
7
Q
How many cervical vertebrae does the three-toed sloth have?
A
9
8
Q
Why is the sacrum revered?
A
Because of its relationship to fecundity and birthing as well as to the use of the pelvic region inforetelling or prophesying during human sacrifice
9
Q
Coccyx comes from Greek meaning?
A
cuckoo’s bill or beak
10
Q
Wat is the disparity in number and morphology of vertebrai within the population as a whole
A
gender variation (sexual dimophism), ontogenetic variation (growth/age variation), geographic or population based variation, and individual or idiosyncratic variation
11
Q
A typical male spinal column measures?
A
70 cm (27.5 - 28.75 inches)
12
Q
A typical female spinal vertebral column measures
A
60 cm (24.5-25.75 in)
13
Q
measurement of cervical region
A
12 centimeters (5in)
14
Q
measurements of thoracic region
A
28 cm (11 in)
15
Q
measurement of lumbar region
A
18 cm (7in)
16
Q
sacrum
A
12cm (5in)
17
Q
function of vertebral column (10)
A
protection, support, skeletal formation, weight-bearing transfer, muscle and ligament attachments, shape and position, various joints which forms within a motion segment, transmission, the eye and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear require a horizontal axis for optimum function, and stabilization
18
Q
muscle and ligamen attachments between vertebrae allows the torso to do what?
A
flex, extend, laterally bend, and rotate (motion); attachments to the extremities allows the torso to travel (locomotion)
19
Q
What facilitates movement and compensates for tension, torsion, compression, and shear forces “resiliency”
A
various joints which form within a motion segment
20
Q
Transmission from and to the CNS is accomplished by exte sites along the vertebral column known as
A
intervertebral foramina
21
Q
What organs require a horizontal asis for optimum function
A
eye and vestibular apparatus
22
Q
what is required for appropriate neural control of the vertebral column?
A
stabilization of visceral function
23
Q
All vertebrae have a major bony mass called vertebral body except…
A
C1 (atlas)
24
Q
Explain how the size and shape of the vertebral body differes within and between regions of the vertebral column
A
each segments increases in size from C2 (epitropheus) to S!. Segments below S1 demonstrates a gradual decrease in vertebral body size.
25
What is the shape of the vertebral body in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar region
```
Cervical= rectangular
Thoracic= triangular
Lumbar= reniform
```
26
The surfaces of the vertebral body has a peripheral ring of compact bone called
superior/inferior epiphyseal rim
27
inside compact bony rim is an area called
spongy/cancellous bone
28
Explain the development of the vertebral body
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage template and a primary ossification called centrum forms. Remnants of the superior and inferior cartilage template persist as the epiphyseal plate.(ossify bw 7-9 yrs old)
Blood vessels penetrate at the periphery of epiphyseal plate (isolated location). These ossify towards each other along the outside and at age 12 it unites to form the epiphyseal ring.
Last stage involves the union of the epiphyseal ring to the rest of the vertebral body. (synostosis) that occurs as early as 15 yrs old and forms the epiphyseal rim
29
The epiphyseal ring is separated form the rest of the developing vertebral body by a layer of cartilage, an example of what joint?
amphiarthrosis synchondrosis or cartilage joint
30
small openings found around the circumference of the vertebral body that supply the compact bone and or marro cavity is called?
nutrient or vascular foramina
31
Found at the back of the vertebral body, one or two large openings where the basivertebral veins exit the marrow cavity at this site is called?
basivertebral venous foramina
32
The anterior part of the vertebral arch attached to the vertebral body is called...
pedicle
33
part of the vertebral arch which unites in the midline and serves to anchor the spinous process is called
lamina
34
part of the vedrtebral arch between the pedicle and lamina is generically called
lamina-pedicle junction
35
What does the lamina-pedicle junction serve as the attaching site for...
transverse process and the articular processes
36
Where does the pedicle arise in the cervical vertebral body?
middle of the posterolateral margin
37
Where does the pedicle arise from the thoracics and lumbars?
upper third to half of the postero-lateral margin of the vertebral body
38
small concave indentations or scallops on the upper and lower margins of the pedicles are called
superior/ inferior vertebral notches or incisures
39
Intervetebral foramen is formed by what?
when two segments are united in a vertebral couple or motion segment created between the pedicles
40
The inferior vertebral notch forms the upper/lower boundary of the intervertebral foramen. What does the superior vertebral notch form
upper; lower boundary of the intervetebral foramen
41
cervical pedicles are directed more _______from the vertebral body, while thoracic and lumbar pedicles are primarily directed ____
posterolateral; posterior
42
laminae are directed more_____
posterior and median
43
What is shingling
laminae overlapping
44
what is the primary ligament of the lamina
ligamentum flavum
45
ligamentum flavum ossifies at its attachment site forming spike-like projections called
para-articular processesq
46
lamina pedicle junction is called what in the regions of the spine?
cervical=articular pillars
| thoracics and lumbar= pars interarticularis
47
fusion of the laminae provides an area of attachment for the spinous process called
spino-laminar junction
48
tubular bone growth radiate from the vertebral arch into the transverse, vertical, and posterior planes is called
apophyses (transverse, articular, and spinous processes)
49
How is the transverse process projected in the spinal region?
```
cervical= anteriolaterally at 60 degrees from the midline
thoracic= gradually force backwards by the lungs
lumbar= directed straight out
```
50
they synovial joint formed by the facets of the vertebral couple is called
zygapophysis
51
superior articular process lies in front of the joint space and is called
prezygapophysis
52
inferior articular proces lies behind the joint space and is called
postzygapophysis
53
What are the anterior boundaries of the intervertebral foramen
vertebral bodies of the vertebral couples, intervertebral disc, and posterior longitudinal ligament
54
What are the four posterior boundaries of the intervertebral foramen?
postzygapophysis of teh vertebral body above, the prezygapophysis of the vertebral below, capsular ligament of the zygapophysis, and ligamentum flavum
55
What is the superior boundaries of the intervertebral foramen
inferior vertebral notch of the segment above, inferior boundary is formed by the superior vertebral notch of the segment below
56
spinous process that appears to overlap is called?
imbrication
57
with the exception of C1, the vertebral foramen is formed by
vertebral body and vertebral arch
58
what is the shape of the vertebral foramen of the spinal region
cervical, lumbar, and sacral= triangular
| thoracic= oval
59
spinal cord and proximal part of the PNS, and the coverings (meninges) are found until what vertebral foramen
L2
60
What level of the vertebral foramen does the spinal cord typically terminate in
L1
61
The peripheral nerve roots will continue with meninges until____ and what is formed
S2; dural cul de sac
62
What does the epidural space contain
connective tissue, blood vessel, peripheral nerve, ligaments, and typical interstitial fluid
63
What are some blood vessels found in the epidural space
anterior and posterior spinal canal arteries, anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexuses, and the basivertebral vein
64
What ligaments are found in the epidural space?
posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum
65
In the epidural space, the lumbar spine contains series of unusual ligaments attaching the dura mater to the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, and or PLL is called
Hoffmann (anterior dural, meningovertebral) ligaments
66
The primary neural tissue in the epidural space are?
recurrent meningeal, sinuvertebral or sinus vertebral nerve
67
What is subdural space known as and what does it contain
potential space, serous fluid
68
What does the subarachnoid space contain
CSF (area bw the arachnoid and pia mater of the spinal cord and proximal part of the PNS) blood vessels, nerves, and collections of connective tissues "ligaments"
69
What arteries are found in the subarachnoid space?
anterior spinal artery (orgin ->C3-C6)
posterior spinal artery (origen-> end of spinal cord)
arterial vasa corona (include spinal and communicating arteries)
anterior and posterior proximal and distal radicular arteries
anterior and posterior medullary feeder arteries
70
What veins are found in the subarachnoid space.
anterior and posterior longitudinal veins
venous casa corona (include communicating veins)
anterior and posterior radicular veins
anterior and posterior medullary veins
intervertebral veins
71
What is dentate ligament (denticulate ligament)
lateral modification of pia mater
72
How is the filum terminale internum formed (0.7-2mm in diameter)
when the neural tissue of the spinal cord terminates at L1 (sometimes L2)
73
How and what location is the dural cul de sac formed?
at vertebral foramen S2 and the dura and arachnoid maters fuse together
74
where does the cervical enlargement occur
C3-T1
75
the greates transverse diagmeter of teh spinal cord is found at
C6 (38mm)
76
lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord is found withing the vertebral canal of..
T9-T12
77
Lumbar enlargement is at...
at the location of origin for spinal nerves L1-S3
78
inside vertebral foramen of L1, the spinal cord tapers to from
conus medullaris
79
What spinal nerves are found along the length of the conus medullaris
S4, S5, Co1
80
What is cauda equina and where is it found?
collection of nerve roots occupying the vertebral foramina below L1 (horse's tail)
81
an angiogram of arteries over the caudal region of the cord covering the last arterial vasa corona and a contination fo the anterior spinal artery past the conus medullaries create what?
cruciate anastomosis
82
Where and what forms the filum terminale externum?
below vertebral level S2, the meninges (dural, arachnoid, and pia maters) continue as a single fused thread
83
the filum terminale externum's connective tissue tether is attached at what vertebral boddies and what is the site of attachment called?
Co1 and Co2; coccygeal medullary vestige
84
A conus medullaris below L1 and a filum terminale thicer than 2 mm leads to what?
tethered cord syndrome (progressive lower ext neurological deficiencies, urinary bladder deficienceis, orthopedic deformities, and back pain. => need surgery)
85
What is consider typcial vertebrae in the cervicals
C3-C6
86
What is considered atypical in the cervical region
C1, C2, C7
87
Lateral view, the posterior height is greater/lesser than the anterior height
greater by 1-2 mm per segments
88
what compenstates for the vertebral body height to form and maintain the lordotic (anterior) curve?
intervertebral disc height
89
located on the superior epiphyseal rim, what is the lateral margins called on the vertebral body, an elevated projection
uncinate
90
anterior view, region between the uncinate processes is called
anterior and posteiror groove
91
What is the projections called in the inferior epiphyseal rim?
anterior lip and posteiro lip
92
The beveled or indented area of the inferior epiphyseal rim is called
lateral groove or enchancrure (anvil)
93
the uncinate process and lateral grove participate with the intervertebral disc to form what joint
joint of Luschka (uncovertebral joint, lateral intervertebral joint)
94
what is the joint of Luschka classifed as for the researchers that believe this was a true synovical joint
modified diarthrosis sellar joint
95
what ligament is attached to each cervical segment?
longus colli muscle
96
What ligament is attached to the vertebral bodies of the cervical region?
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
97
pedicles project?
posterolateral (45 degrees)
98
where does the cervical spinal nerves exit the spinal canal by
intervertebral foramina
99
what classification of joint is formed by the ligamentum flavum to the lamina called?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
100
what is the shape of the vertebral foramen of the cervicals?
triangular or heart-shaped
101
What is associated with the vertebral body that may project into the vertebral foramen and where is the greatest frequency that this occurs in?
osteophytes; C5-C6 (27%) with C4-C5 and C6-C7 next at 17%
102
Transverse process of typical cervicals is formed from fives osseous parts:
cotal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, and true transverse process
103
costal element projects___ in the cervical region
anterolaterally
104
What are the muscles attaching to the anterior tubercle?
```
anterior scalene
longus capitus
longus colli
anterior intertransversarii
anterior intertranverse ligament (may be present)
```
105
what are the muscles attaching to the posterior tubercle?
```
splenius cervicis (C3-C4)
iliocostalis cervicis
longissimus cervicis
levator scapula (C3-C4)
middle scalene
posterior scalene (C4-C6)
rotators
posterior intertransversarii
posterior intertransverse ligament (may be present)
```
106
What connects the anterior and posterior tubercles
costotransverse bar (intertubercular lamella)
107
what is attached to eh costotransverse bar
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii muscles
108
half of the costal element, half of true transverse process, the anterior and posterior tubercles, and entire costotransverse bar would together give rise to a cervical rib. This collective rib-forming region is
pleuapophysis
109
What pulls the transverse process forward and downward in the cervical region?
tension from neck musculature accommodating head position and cervical spinal nerves accommodating plexus position.
110
What is the degree of the transverse process anterior laterally and inferior
60 degrees anterior laterally and 15 degrees inferiorly
111
in the mature cervical vertebra, the posterior tubercle is located below the horizontal plane of the anterior tubercle and a sulcus is formed along the top of the costotransverse bar that is called...
sulcus for the ventral ramus
112
anterior tubercle of C6 is often enlarge and scalloped to accommodate the common carotid artery called
carotid tubercle
113
What is found in the transverse foramen
vertebral artery, descending vertebral venous plexus, neural tissue representing sympathetic division of ANS (postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fiber)
114
On C3, C4, C5 the articular pillar is indented to accommodate the medial branch from the dorsal ramus of the cervical spine nerve called?
sulcus/groove for the dorsal ramus
115
what is the traditional and current degree angle of artcular facets
40-45 degrees
| 55-60 degrees
116
when does the facet angulation start to diminish and to what degree
C7-T1 about 10 degrees
117
orientation of superior/inferior articular facet
BUM
| FoLD
118
what muscles attach to the articular process
```
longissimus cervicis,
longissimus capitis (C4-C6)
semipinalis vervicis (C4-C6)
semispinalis capitis (C4-C6)
semispinalis capitis (C4-C6)
multifidis (C4-C6)
perhaps rotators
```
119
what joint classification does the zygapophysis called
diarthrosis athrodia joint
120
The capsular ligament of the zygapophysis joint blends with what?
attachment for the simispinalis capitis, multifidis, and rotator longus muscles
121
what is commonly found in the cervical spine and that do they do?
meniscoidal folds; play a role in distributing pressure across the joint surface
122
where is the joint motion of the cervical spine typically studied at
occipital-C2 range separately from C2-C7
123
Studies of flexion-extension for the typical cercial region (C2-C7) have demonstrated that the greatest average ROM occurs at..
C5-C6 vertebral couple
124
what is couple motion
occurs when one direction of motion simultaneously unites with a second direction or patter of motion
125
Spinous process gradually increases in length from
C3-C6
126
which race has a bifid in C3-C6, which one does not
caucasion does, african-american does not
127
muscles attaching to the spinous process of typical cervicals are
```
spinialis cervicis (C3-C4)
simispinalis cervicis (C3-C5)
semispinalis thoracis (C6)
multifidis
rotators
interspinalis
```
128
what ligaments attach to the spinous process
interspinous ligaments and ligamentum nuchae
