Study guide Q&A

Question 0

What is the location and structural origin for the thoracic duct?

Answer 0

L2 from the cisterna chyli

Question 1

What parts of the body will the right lymphatic duct drain?

Answer 1

the right side of the head, neck, and thoracic parietal wall, as well as the right upper extremity, right lung and convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver

Question 2

What are examples of aggregate lymph nodules?

Answer 2

the tonsils and Peyer’s patches of the small intestine

Question 3

What is the funciton of lymph nodules?

Answer 3

perpetuation of the lymphocyte cell line and to aid in the immune response

Question 4

What is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 4

They primarily filter lymph but also are involved in lymphocytopoiesis and they do participate in the immune response

Question 5

What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?

Answer 5

longus colli

Question 6

What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?

Answer 6

They are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces

Question 7

What is the orientation of te inferior articular facet of C1?

Answer 7

backward, medial, downward (BMD)

Question 8

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

Answer 8

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

Question 9

What muscle attach to the lateral mass of C1?

Answer 9

Levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and rectus capitis anterior

Question 10

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

Answer 10

males: about 50mm
females: about 37 mm

Question 11

What attaches to the posteior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

Answer 11

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

Question 12

With regaurd to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent in the population?

Answer 12

male: accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, 15%
female: accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, 26%

Question 13

What muscle attach to the transverse process of C1?

Answer 13

rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscle

Question 14

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

Answer 14

males: 78mm
females: 72mm

Question 15

what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

Answer 15

a little over 30 mm for both males and females

Question 16

What joint classifications are observed at C1?

Answer 16

amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsoidal, diarthrosis trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia

Question 17

What names are given to C2?

Answer 17

axis or epistropheus

Question 18

What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?

Answer 18

kyphotic dens

Question 19

What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?

Answer 19

amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar and amphiarthrosis symphysis

Question 20

What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?

Answer 20

membrana tectoria

Question 21

What attaches to the lamina of C2?

Answer 21

obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum

Question 22

What is the facet orientation of teh supeiror articular facet of C2?

Answer 22

backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)

Question 23

What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?

Answer 23

males: 57 mm
females: about 50 mm

Question 24

What name is given only to C7?

Answer 24

vertebra prominens

Question 25

What is the segment and gender bias for vertebra other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?

Answer 25

C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males

Question 26

How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?

Answer 26

eight

Question 27

What muslces attach to the transverse process of C7?

Answer 27

middle scalene, iliocostalis throacis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis

Question 28

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?

Answer 28

forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)

Question 29

What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?

Answer 29

trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis

Question 30

The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?

Answer 30

left vertebral artery

Question 31

What is the gender bias regrading size of the vertebral artery?

Answer 31

men have larger vertebral arteries than women

Question 32

What is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?

Answer 32

the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test

Question 33

Which side artery is tested during the corse of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?

Answer 33

the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation

Question 34

At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?

Answer 34

the atlanto-axial interspace

Question 35

At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?

Answer 35

both C1 and C2

Question 36

What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?

Answer 36

the increased length will accomodate the greater ortation at these locations

Question 37

What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?

Answer 37

the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata tot he pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery

Question 38

What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?

Answer 38

the basilar artery

Question 39

What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?

Answer 39

occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

Question 40

What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?

Answer 40

inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament

Question 41

What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?

Answer 41

the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove

Question 42

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

Answer 42

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

Question 43

What is the aortic impression?

Answer 43

the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side

Question 44

What is the principal cause fo the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?

Answer 44

the vertebral body height differences

Question 45

What joint classfications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

Answer 45

amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis symphysis and diarthrosis arthrodia

Question 46

How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical throacic?

Answer 46

4

Question 47

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

Answer 47

typically 10; 14 if the rib ligaments are included

Question 48

What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?

Answer 48

costocentral joint

Question 49

What does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?

Answer 49

the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc

Question 50

Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?

Answer 50

the lateral view

Question 51

What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?

Answer 51

the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments

Question 52

The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib?

Answer 52

the 5th rib

Question 53

Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

Answer 53

the longissimus thoracis, longissimus vervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis vervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis

Question 54

how can you distringush between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articualr process?

Answer 54

at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra At T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra

Question 55

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?

Answer 55

they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)

Question 56

Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?

Answer 56

T5-T8

Question 57

What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?

Answer 57

the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up 60 degrees from the horizontal plane

Question 58

Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

Answer 58

the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis

Question 59

What muscles are associated with the 5 muscle layers of the true back?

Answer 59

layer 1 consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi layer 2 consists of rhomboids and levator scapulae layer 3 consists of the serratus posterior layer 4 consists of the erector spinae layer 5 consists of the transversospinalis

Question 60

How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?

Answer 60

typically 10; 14 if the rib ligaments are included

Question 61

What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?

Answer 61

the superior costotransverse ligament

Question 62

What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?

Answer 62

intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse

Question 63

para-articular process are more commonly observed on which segment?

Answer 63

T10

Question 64

A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?

Answer 64

T10

Question 65

What name is given to T11?

Answer 65

the anticlinal vertebra

Question 66

Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?

Answer 66

psoas major and psoas minor

Question 67

What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?

Answer 67

the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1

Question 68

What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?

Answer 68

The face forward, downward, and lateral