Exam 3 Q & A

Question 0

What are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action? 117.10

Answer 0

neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones

Question 1

What are the unique properties of neurons? 117.8

Answer 1

depolarization, propagation, and transmission of a neural impulse

Question 2

Based on manner of action, define nuerotransmitter 117.11

Answer 2

a neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell

Question 3

What is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron? 117.14

Answer 3

the body, soma, or perikaryon

Question 4

What are the basic morphologies of neurons? 117.16

Answer 4

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar neurons

Question 5

What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons? 118.18

Answer 5

the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion

Question 6

What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons? 118.20

Answer 6

any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve

Question 7

Where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located? 118.25

Answer 7

in a sensory ganglion

Question 8

What is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system? 118.28

Answer 8

multipolar

Question 9

What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings? 119.33

Answer 9

functional specificity, distribution-function and structure or morphology

Question 10

What do chemoreceptors monitor? 119.35

Answer 10

hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH

Question 11

What are the types and examples of exteroceptors? 119.42

Answer 11

a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste

Question 12

What are the examples of proprioceptors? 119.43

Answer 12

golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints

Question 13

Where will the interoceptors be located? 119.44

Answer 13

in viscera, glands, and blood vessels

Question 14

which types of encapsulated nerve ending it sensitive to vibration? 120.53

Answer 14

lamellated corpuscles or pacinian corpuscles

Question 15

What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve? 120.1

Answer 15

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

Question 16

muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerve? 121.17

Answer 16

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve and crainal nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve

Question 17

muscles derived from the branchial or phayngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves? 121.19

Answer 17

cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve and cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve

Question 18

What peripheral nerve contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin? 121.22

Answer 18

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve as well as spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2 and S2-S4

Question 19

What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways? 122.23

Answer 19

smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types

Question 20

What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body? 122.35

Answer 20

a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion

Question 21

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves? 123.40

Answer 21

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

Question 22

What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers? 123.46

Answer 22

cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine

Question 23

What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain? 124.8

Answer 23

somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons

Question 24

Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain? 124.9

Answer 24

no

Question 25

What are the four classifications of afferent neurons? 124.17

Answer 25

somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory

Question 26

What do somatic afferents monitor? 124.18

Answer 26

pain, temperature, light touch and proprioception

Question 27

What do visceral afferents monitor? 124.19

Answer 27

barorecption, chemoreception, sensation from viscera

Question 28

What do special visceral afferents monitor? 125.20

Answer 28

olfaction and taste

Question 29

What do special sensory afferents monitor? 125.21

Answer 29

vision, hearing, equilibrium

Question 30

What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron? 125.5

Answer 30

it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

Question 31

What forms the true olfactory nerve? 125.7

Answer 31

fila olfactoria

Question 32

What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve? 125.11

Answer 32

olfactory glomerulus

Question 33

What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve? 125.12

Answer 33

mitral cell

Question 34

What is the function of the rod cell? 126.3

Answer 34

provide vision in dim light conditions

Question 35

What is the function of the cone cell? 126.4

Answer 35

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

Question 36

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell? 126.5

Answer 36

rod cell

Question 37

What forms the optic nerve? 126.11

Answer 37

axons of ganglion cells

Question 38

What occurs at the optic chiasma? 126.14

Answer 38

part of the optic nerve decussates

Question 39

Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location? 126.16

Answer 39

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 40

At its apparent origin cranial nerve III conveys which classifications of neural pathways? 127.1

Answer 40

somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway

Question 41

What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve? 127.2

Answer 41

oculomotor nuclear complex

Question 42

What is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve? 127.7

Answer 42

medial rectus, inferior rects, superior rectus, and inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball and the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid

Question 43

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus? 127.11

Answer 43

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

Question 44

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve? 127.13

Answer 44

ciliary ganglion

Question 45

Postganglionic parasympathetic effernt fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve? 127.14

Answer 45

short ciliary nerve

Question 46

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets? 128.15

Answer 46

sphincter pupillae and ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles

Question 47

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve? 129.6

Answer 47

it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain; it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midline from its nucleus

Question 48

The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle? 129.7

Answer 48

the right side muscle

Question 49

Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)? 129.10

Answer 49

superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye

Question 50

the fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the ____. 130.1

Answer 50

great sensory nerve of the face

Question 51

What is the exit sit from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve? 130.7

Answer 51

ophthalmic nerve-superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve-foramen rotumdum, mandibular nerve-foramen ovale

Question 52

What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault? 130.8

Answer 52

opthalmic nerve-orbit; maxillary nerve-pterygopalatine region; mandibular nerve-infratemporal region

Question 53

Peripheral sensory processes of the fifth cranial nerve are primarily derived from pseudounipolar afferent neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion? 130.12

Answer 53

semilunar ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, Gasserian ganglion

Question 54

Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location? 131.15

Answer 54

mainly in the principal sensory nucleus, some in the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 55

What are the names of the muscles of mastication? 130.21

Answer 55

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

Question 56

What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve? 130.20

Answer 56

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini

Question 57

The fifth cranial nerve carries peripheral sensory processes from endings located in the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles to pseudounipolar cells located in which nucleus? 130.27

Answer 57

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nucleus

Question 58

The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)? 132.7

Answer 58

lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye

Question 59

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch? 132.9

Answer 59

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

Question 60

Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the _____133.2

Answer 60

great motor nerve of the face

Question 61

What classificaitons of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve? 133.5

Answer 61

branchial efferent, visceral efferent, somatic afferent, special visceral afferent

Question 62

What is the name of the afferent ganglion for the seventh cranial nerve? 133.8

Answer 62

geniculate ganglion, genicular ganglion

Question 63

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening? 133.9

Answer 63

the stylomastoid foramen

Question 64

Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nverve will innervate what muscles? 133.11

Answer 64

muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric

Question 65

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus? 133.14

Answer 65

superior salivatory nucleus

Question 66

Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland? 134.16

Answer 66

greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve

Question 67

Which branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic fibers into the pterygopalatine ganglion? 134.17

Answer 67

vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal

Question 68

What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland? 134.21

Answer 68

pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel's ganglion

Question 69

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel's ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch? 134.22

Answer 69

maxillary nerve of the trigeminal

Question 70

The parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland will involve branches from which cranial nerves? 134.26

Answer 70

facial and trigeminal nerves

Question 71

The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve? 134.29

Answer 71

opthalmic nerve

Question 72

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the seventh cranial nerve to submandibular and sublingual glands will exit the pons in what nerve? 135.34

Answer 72

nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve

Question 73

which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands? 134.35

Answer 73

chorda tympani nerve

Question 74

The chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening? 135.36

Answer 74

the petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone

Question 75

The chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve? 135.38

Answer 75

the lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal

Question 76

peripheral sensory processes form receptors around the ear and mastoid region are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion? 136.44

Answer 76

vagus

Question 77

In general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus? 136.48

Answer 77

thee spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 78

What is the classification of sensory fibers associated with taste? 136.49

Answer 78

special visceral afferent fibers

Question 79

Peripheral sensory processes form taste receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion? 136.53

Answer 79

genicular ganglion or geniculate ganglion

Question 80

What fluid is present within the membranous labyrinth? 137.8

Answer 80

endolymph

Question 81

What is the name given to spial appearance of the organ for hearing? 137.9

Answer 81

cochlea

Question 82

How is sound or position converted into a neural impulse? 137.14

Answer 82

endolymph is displaced and alters the membrane of a specialized receptor cell

Question 83

In what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified? 138.17

Answer 83

the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricle, and the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts

Question 84

What is unique to the recepotor cells associated with equilibrium? 138.18

Answer 84

stereocilia and a single kinocilium

Question 85

What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium? 138.20

Answer 85

Scarpa's ganglion or the vestibular ganglion

Question 86

Central sensory processes of primary afferent neurons associated with equilibrium will terminate on secondary afferent neurons in what location? 138.23

Answer 86

the vestibular nuclear complex

Question 87

Receptor cells associated with hearing are located in what structure? 138.26

Answer 87

the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct of scala media

Question 88

What is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing? 138.27

Answer 88

stereocilia

Question 89

What is the location of the primary afferent neuroun associated with hearing? 138.29

Answer 89

The spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion

Question 90

Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will innervate what target? 139.7

Answer 90

stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 91

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve? 139.10

Answer 91

tympanic nerve or nerve of Jabobson

Question 92

Within the temporal bone, preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth cranial nerve will ultimately form what nerve? 139.12

Answer 92

the lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve

Question 93

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers will be found in what branch(es) of the ninth cranial nerve? 140.13

Answer 93

the tympanic nerve and lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve

Question 94

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion? 140.16

Answer 94

otic ganglion or Arnold's ganglion

Question 95

Postgangionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the otic or Arnold's ganglion will communicate with what other cranial nerve branch? 140.17

Answer 95

The auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal

Question 96

Peripheral afferent processes associated with receptors in the mastoid air cells, in the tympanic cavity or in the auditory tube arise from pseudounipolar neurons located in what ganglion of the ninth cranial nerve? 140.22

Answer 96

the superior glossopharyngeal ganglion or jugular ganglion

Question 97

What is/are the target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology which are supplied by the ninth cranial nerve? 141.25

Answer 97

carotid body or carotid glomus and the carotid sinus

Question 98

Ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensations are located in which ganglion? 141.28

Answer 98

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion

Question 99

Central sensory processes from the postsulcal (posterior one third) tongue are conveyed in which cranial nerve? 141.29

Answer 99

cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius

Question 100

Ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies monitoring taste are located in which ganglion? 141.31

Answer 100

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion

Question 101

Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the tenth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)? 142.8

Answer 101

muscles of the soft palate; constrictor muscles of the pharynx; cricothyroid muscle and palatoglossus muscle

Question 102

Where will preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the tenth cranial nerve synapse? 142.10

Answer 102

intramural ganglia of the target organs and the cardiac plexus

Question 103

What is the location of the primary afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve whose peripheral processes are associated with generral somatic sensation from the posterior cranial dura? 142.12

Answer 103

jugular ganglion or superior vagal ganglion

Question 104

Where will central processes of pseudounipolarr afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve associated with somatic sensation synapse? 142.13

Answer 104

the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 105

Peripheral processes of pseudounipolar neuronss associated with general visceral sensations are carried in the tenth cranial nerve to what location? 142.14

Answer 105

the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion

Question 106

Central processes of pseudounipolar neurons associated with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth cranial nerve to synapse at what location? 142.15

Answer 106

the caridorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius

Question 107

What is/are the target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood pressure of blood physiology supplied by the tenth cranial nerve? 142.16

Answer 107

aortic body or aortic glomus and the aortic arch

Question 108

What is specifically monitored by each type of vascular visceral receptor associated with tenth cranial nerve? 142.18

Answer 108

baroreceptors monior blood pressure chemoreceptors monitor hypoxia (decreased oxygen), hypercapnia (increase carbon dioxide) and increasing hydrogen ions (blood pH)

Question 109

Where are pseudounipolar primary afferent neurons associated with taste sensation from the epiglottis located? 142.19

Answer 109

the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion