Exam 1 Practice Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
…….. are glial cells in the CNS that are often refferd to as “brain macrophages”
A
Microglia
2
Q
…… motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers
A
alpha
3
Q
Embryonic rhombic lips give rise to the ….. of the brain
A
Cerebellum
4
Q
An extrapyramidal tract that originates in the midbrain and runs the entire length of the spinal cord is the ……
A
rubrospinal tract
5
Q
Because of vestibular reflexes, the eyes move to the left when the head accelerates to the …….
A
Right
6
Q
The cerebral cortex layer that contains interneurons and receives specific afferent input has two names, one is based on its layer number, the other is based on its predominant cell type. The latter (cell type) name of the layer is ……..
A
IGCL Inner Granule Cell Layer
7
Q
T/F A single lemmocyte typically forms a myelin sheath around multiple axons
A
False
8
Q
T/F The spinal cord is covered by layers of protective connective tissue termed endoneurium, perineurium an epineurium.
A
False
9
Q
EPSP is a term associated with depolarization of the POST synaptic membrane
A
True (Excites the postsynaptic cell, DEPOLARIZATION TOWARD ZERO POTENTIAL) ???
10
Q
T/F as development progresses, the original number of CNS neurons decrease with fetal age
A
True
11
Q
Postganglionic autonomic neurons are derived from neural crest
A
True
12
Q
T/F Axon potentials originate in the soma (cell body) of a multipolar neuron
A
False
13
Q
T/F Spinal reflexes regulate muscle tone independent of brain control
A
False
14
Q
T/F Neurons in vestibular nuclei send axons through the lateral vestibulospinal tract to activate neck muscles
A
False (they do this but it activates limb extensor mm, not neck mm)
15
Q
Tectum (CNS Division)
A
Mesencephalon (roof of midbrain)
16
Q
Tegmentum location
A
which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system.
17
Q
Hypoglossal nucleus (CNS Division)
A
Myelencephalon (Medulla)
18
Q
Conscious olfaction (CNS Division)
A
Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
19
Q
Marginal Nucleus (CNS Division)
A
Spinal Cord
20
Q
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (CNS Division)
A
Metencephalon (Pons/cerebellum)
21
Q
Mammillary body (CNS Division)
A
Diencephalon
22
Q
Several factors are responsible for the complex internal organization of the brainstem. Name them.
A
- Development of the 4th ventricle
- Some cranial nerve nuclei migrate from their primitive embryonic positions
- Development of the cerebellum and its connections
- Special Senses - Special visceral afferent and special somatic afferent nuclei develop in associated with the brain stem
- The Alar Plate is displaced lateral to the basal plate
23
Q
These two structures are ventral to the 4th ventricle
A
Pons and Medulla
24
Q
T/F Astrocytes are glial cells in the CNS that form myelin sheaths around axons
A
FALSE
25
T/F Axons form synapses with other axons
TRUE
26
T/F Thin axons transmit signal faster than thick axons
FALSE
27
T/F Myelin serves as a buffer that slows down the speed of transmission of electrical signals in axons
FALSE
28
T/F Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post synaptic membrane. This leads to opening of ion channels on the post synaptic membrane.
TRUE
29
T/F Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane induces voltage gated K+ to open. An influx of K+ induces synaptic vesicles to dock with presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
FALSE (Ca2+ induces these changes)
30
T/F Neurotransmitter molecules can be eliminated from the synaptic clefts via pinocytotic uptake by presynaptic or glial processes
TRUE
31
In the resting state, both the presynaptic and post synaptic membranes are polarized.
TRUE
32
T/F Synaptic Vesicles contain neurotransmitter molecules
TRUE
33
Axons of projection neurons go to ......
Thalamus
34
Which of the following is within the dorsal funiculus?
Fasciculus gracilis
35
The first neuron in a spinal reflex pathway is termed
Primary afferent neuron
36
The basal nucleus most specifically associated with regulating amplitude and duration of movements is the ......
Putamen
37
When a patient exhibits a flaccid paralysis with absence of reflexes as well as voluntary movement, the likely location of the lesion is.....
Peripheral nerve
38
Which of the following is a component of osseus labyrinth, as opposed to membraneous labyrinth?
Vestibule
39
Damage to which nerve is responsible for the signs of drooling, and trouble closing the left eye and moving the ear?
Facial nerve
40
In the CNS, ........ are the cell type that is responsible for myelinating axons
Oligodendrocytes
41
The ........ layer of the neural tube is populated with glioblasts and neuroblasts during early embryonic development
Mantle
42
Axons of vestibular nuclei descend in the ........ tract to activate limb extensor muscles
Vestibulospinal
43
Stumbling to the right would suggest a vestibular nerve deficit on the ....... side
Right
44
Specific movements of proximal limb joints are controlled by traffic in the extrapyramidal tract that is named ......
Rubospinal?
45
The motor area of the cerbebral cortex surrounds the ...... sulcus
cruciate
46
T/F Action potential conduction velocity (m/sec) is slower in large nerve fibers compared to small nerve fibers
False
47
T/F The brain and spinal cord are covered by layers of protective connective tissue termed endoneurium, perineuirum and epineurium.
False (Meninges)
48
T/F An IPSP (inhibitory post-synpatic potential) is associated with hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane
True
49
T/F The sensitivity of the myotatic reflex is set by the descending tracts fromt he brain that modify action potential frequency in gamma efferent neurons
True
```
Spasticity = excessive firing
Weakness = insufficient
```
50
The pontine reticulospinal tract conveys action potentials from spontaneously active neurons to efferent neurons that innervate pelvic limb flexor muscles
??
51
The caudate nucleus, not the putamen, is involved in selecting movements, as opposed to managing the magnitude and duration of movement execution.
False
52
Specific afferent fibers to the cerebral cortex terminate in the inner granule cell layer
True
53
The corpus callosum contains a large collection of corticofugal projection fibers
FALSE (the internal capsule does)
54
The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid membrane and dura mater
False
55
In CNS diseases involved demyelnation, you would expect the demyelinated axons to.....
Transmit nerve impulse at a decreased conduction rate
56
T/F Most neurons in the CNS are bipolar
False -
57
T/F Neurons that have unipolar cell bodies are found in autonomic ganglia
?
58
T/F Interneurons are neither motor or sensory
True
59
T/F Efferent neurons have myelinated dendrites
?
60
T/F Neurons have synaptic vesicles containing Nissl substance
False (contain neurotransmitters)
61
Damage to the oculomotor nucleus would result in which of the following symptoms?
Ventrolateral strabismus (deviation of the eye ventrally and laterally)
62
In which brain division does the roof plate fail to expand and form a choroid plexus?
Mesencephalon
63
In discriminative touch and kinesthesia ascending pathways, primary afferent neurons have their cell bodies in ........
?
64
Which one of the following structures is formed by spinal roots?
?
65
What 4 things are true of the utricle?
1. It contains endolymph
2. It contains a macula
3. It contains an otolith membrane
4. It is a component of the membranous labyrinth
66
T/F The utricle detects angular acceleration
False - it detects LINEAR ACCELERATION
67
Neurons located in the adult ...... get there by migrating from the mantle layer and through the marginal layer of the embryonic telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
68
A destructive lesion of the left vestibular nerve would produce a head tilt with the ear on the ...... side
Left
69
The ......... tract is an extrapyramidal voluntary movement tract that originates from the midbrain.
Rubrospinal
70
The ....... nucleus is the basal nucleus involved in selecting and assembling movements.
Caudate
71
The ...... of the utricle detects linear acceleration
Macula
72
T/F Ventral horn motor neurons of the spinal cord develop from the mantle layer of the basal plate of the neural tube
True
73
T/F During embryonic development, functional connections are established after random degeneration of neuronal processes
False - not random
74
T/F The embryonic myelncephalon gives rise to the adult spinal cord
False
75
T/F The mesencephalic aqueduct develops from the cavity of the neural tube
True
76
T/F The spinal nuclei scheme of gray matter organization accounts for neurons that are not included in the spinal laminae scheme of organization
False
77
The combination of head movement and endolymph inertia causes displacement of the cupula and sterocilia deflection
True
78
T/F The medial longtiduinal fasciculus conveys vestibular reflex activity to neurons that innervate limb extensor muscles
False - controls eye mm (3, 4, and 6 CN) and neck (cervical spinal cord) muscles
79
T/F Paralysis and areflexia are consequences of pyramidal tract destruction
False
80
T/F The medullary reticulospinal tract arises from neurons that are spontaneously active
False
81
T/F Neocortical association areas receive their input from primary sensory areas of cortex.
True
82
Spinothalamic tract
| Neuron Type/Part
Projection Neuron Axon
83
Tendon organ
| Neuron Type/Part
Part of a proprioceptor neuron
84
Neuron Type/Part
| Adjust muscle tone sensitivity
Gamma efferent neuron
85
Neuron Type/Part
| Reflex Circuit
Interneuron
86
Neuron Type/Part
| Component of a motor unit
Alpha efferent neuron
87
Neuron Type/Part
| Integration of synaptic input
Multipolar neuron soma
88
The 3 key elements that comprise every chemical synapse are:
Presynaptic terminal
Postsynaptic Element
Synaptic Cleft
89
Describe the sequence of events that take place in the presynaptic terminal when an action potential arrives at the end of an axon:
Presynaptic membrane depolarized
Voltage gated calcium channels open
Synaptic vesicle docking and fusion with presynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter released by exocytosis
Neurotransmitter binds postsynaptic membrane receptors
Ion flux across the postsynaptic membrane
90
The subarachnoid space is dilated at certain points and these dilated spaces contain additional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Some are sites from which CSF taps are performed. These dilated areas of subarachnoid space are called:
?
91
Which receptor type detects damage to tissue?
Nociceptors
92
T/F Dendrites are specialized to receive input from other neurons
True
93
T/F Dendrites contain Nissl bodies in their proximal parts and thus the intiail portions of dendrites strain basophillically
True
94
T/F Dendrites represent one to many extensions of the cell body
True
95
T/F Dendrites are an extension of the cell body that is specialized for conducting action potentials.
False
96
T/F Dendrites often have small protrusions, called dendritic spines along their surface.
True
97
Compared to a myelinated axon in the peripheral nervous system, a nonmyelinated axon lacks which of the following:
Nodes of Ranvier
A Myelin Sheath
****STILL HAS LEMMOCYTES****
98
Damage to which nerve nuclei produces "medial strabismus", a condition where the eye is deviated medially?
Abducent (VI)
99
Cranial Nerves differ from spinal nerves in that they:
1. Do not have separate attachments for ventral and dorsal roots
2. May be purely sensory or purely motor
3. Do not attach to the brainstem in a linearly spaced pattern like those of the spinal cord
100
List in order from superficial to deep, the 6 horizontal layers of cerebral neocortex and indicate which one receives specific afferent input
1. Molecular Layer
2. Outer Granule Cell Layer
3. Outer Pyramidal Cell Layer
4. Inner Granule Cell Layer ****
5. Inner Pyramidal Cell Layer
6. Multimorphic Layer
