FINAL EXAM old exam questions

Question 1

The frequency of sound waves is detected by the ____ membrane of the cochlea.

Answer 1

Basilar

Question 2

_Function of Septal Area _

Answer 2

Docile Behavior (Pleasure Centrer)

Question 3

Function of Hippocampus

Answer 3

Short Term Memory

Question 4

Function of the Amygdala

Answer 4

Aggressive Behavior

Question 5

Function of Medial Geniculate Body

Answer 5

Hearing

Question 6

Function of Subthalamic Nucleus

Answer 6

Generation of Rhythmic Movements

Question 7

Function of Supraoptic Nucleus

Answer 7

Secretes Antidiuretic Hormone

Question 8

Function of Paraventricular Nucleus

Answer 8

Secretes Oxytocin

Question 9

Function of the Flocculonodular Lobe

Answer 9

Eye Movement and Balance Control

Question 10

Function of the Cerebellar Hemisphere

Answer 10

Adjustments for Fine, Skilled Movements

Question 11

Function of Mitral Cells

Answer 11

Olfaction

Question 12

The current in hair cells is conveyed predominatly by _____ ions

Answer 12

K+

Question 13

Projections of retinal ganglion cells to the _____ region of the brainstem mediates reflex regulation of pupil size.

Answer 13

Pretectal

Question 14

______ cells located in the retina are spontaneously active and respond to visual stimuli by increasing or decreasing action potential frequency.

Answer 14

Ganglion

Question 15

Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolized (inhibited) in the _____ and depolarized (excited) in the _______.

Answer 15

Light; Dark

Question 16

Pain sensation is transmitted to the CNS via which type of peripheral nerve fibers?

Answer 16

A Delta & C Fibers

Question 17

Which spinal cord nucleus is responsible for relaying pain sensation to the thalamus?

Answer 17

Marginal Nucleus

Question 18

Which one of the following terms refers to a pathological condition in which pain is produced by a stimulus that is normally innocuous (e.g. touching sunburned skin)?

Answer 18

Allodynia

Question 19

A client brings his dog into your clinic because it shows weakness and paresis of the RIGHT HINDLIMB. You perform a myelogram and discover an intradural tumor that has compressed the white matter of the LATERAL FUNICULUS ON THE RIGHT SIDE. The tumor has DAMAGED THE FIBERS OF THE SPINOTHALAMIC and SPINOCERVICAL THALAMIC TRACTS running u the RIGHT side of the spinal cord and thus pain sensation cannot be conveyed via these tracts. Based on your knowledge of neurobiology what effect would this tumor have on pain senation transmitted from the hindlimbs?

Answer 19

The dog would have diminished pain sensation from both hindlimbs.

Question 20

Acute pain differs from transient (physiological) pain in which ways? (4)

Answer 20

1. Actue pain is elicited by injury of body tissue and local tissue damage
2. Acute pain is associated with alterations in the response characteristics of nociceptors
3. Acute pain typically lasts for days or weeks
4. Acute pain is typically associated with the development of hyperalgesia

Question 21

This nucleus is:

located in the midline of the rostral medulla

contains high levels of serotonin

and is

an important component of the endogenous analgesia system

Stimulation of this nucleus causes inhibition of pain tranmsmission neurons at the level of the spinal cord

Answer 21

Raphe Magnus

Question 22

The Purkinje cells of the paravermal cortex of the cerebellum send their axons exclusively to the underlying:

Answer 22

Interpositus Nucleus

Question 23

A client brings his dog into your small animal practice and complains that the dog is running into furtniture at home and also is drinking excessively and urinating a lot. You perform a water deprivation test and ifnd that the dog is unable to concentrate urine even though water intak eis restricted.

As part of a cranial nerve exam you also test the menace response and note that the dog has difficulty seeing your hand when it is placed laterally in his visual field. All other cranial nerves appear normal. Baed on these symptoms and the results of your neuro exam & water dep test, you decide that the dog has a lesion (probably a tumor) in which one of the following brain regions?

Answer 23

Diencephalon

Question 24

Cerebellar climbing fibers arise exclusively from which one of the following regions?

Answer 24

Olivary Nuclei

Question 25

The habenular nucleus is a major component of which one of the following regions?

Answer 25

Epithalamus

Question 26

Synchronization of body rhythms that have a period of about 24 hours is due to the function of which nuclei?

Answer 26

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 27

Stimulation of the "rostral" hypothalamus, e.g. by a tumor that was present in the area, would be expected to cause which symptoms? (2)

Answer 27

Slower Heart Rate Hyperthermia (Fever)

Question 28

Which sequences of events best describes the biochemical events that lead to depolarization of olfactory receptor cells once an odor molecule binds to the 7 transmembrane odorant receptor on the receptor cell surface? (5)

Answer 28

Binding of odor molecule Activates G Protein Activates Adenyl Cyclase (type III) Generates cAMP Opens ion channel to admit calcium (important) and sodium

Question 29

What are characteristic features of limbic system structures? (3)

Answer 29

1. Rich innervation by axons containing serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine 2. Low threshold for seizure activity 3. Direct or indirect connections with the hypothalamus

Question 30

Efferent input to hair cells in the cochlea originates from:

Answer 30

Dorsal Nuclei of Trapezoid Body

Question 31

A client brings his 4 week old JRT to your clinic and upon examination you find that the dog has progressive cerebellar disease, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition in this breed. Based on your knowledge of the cerebellum and its function, describe 3 major clinical signs that this dog would exhibit that would allow you to arrive at your decision that the cerebellum is functioning abnormally:

Answer 31

1. Head Tilt 2. Loss of balance/Ataxia 3. Change in attitude

Question 32

Contrast the functional differences between rods and cones by describing two functional features that are different in rods and cones:

Answer 32

Rods Low Sensitivity Dim Light _Cones_ High Sensitivity Bright Light

Question 33

T/F The middle ear functinos to convert a large-amplitude, large-force input to a low-aplitude, low-force output

Answer 33

False The middle ear functinos to convert a large-amplitude, large-force input to a low-aplitude, low-force output

Question 34

T/F The direction of a source of high-pitch sound is detected by the sound intensity difference between the near ear and the far ear of the subject.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

T/F Photoreceptor cells are polarized in the dark and depolarized by light (photons)

Answer 35

False Photoreceptor cells are depolarized in the dark and hyperpolarized by light (photons).

Question 36

T/F Horizontal cells are responsible for the lateral inhibition manifested in the retina.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

T/F In regard to the visual reflex that regulates pupil size in response to light intensity, the visual afferent fibers travel in the brachium of the rostral colliculus to the pretectal region of the brainstem.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F The habenular nucleus is a component of the endogenous pain suppression system.

Answer 38

False The habenular nucleus is a component of the endogenous pain suppression system.

Question 39

T/F The cerebellar interpositus nucleus receives Purkinje cell axons from the paravermis region of the cerebellar cortex.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

T/F Control of daily (circadian) rhythms is a function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

T/F Axons from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum travel throught he caudal cerebellar peduncle

Answer 41

False Axons from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum travel throught he caudal cerebellar peduncle

Question 42

The spiral organ of the cochlea sits on the ______ membrane

Answer 42

Basilar

Question 43

Pressure waves in the scala vestibuli are the result of movement of the oscicle named the _____ on the mmebrane covering the oval window.

Answer 43

Stapes

Question 44

The tapetum lucidum is located within the ____ of the vascular layer of the eyeball.

Answer 44

Chorion

Question 45

The photoreceptor cell type associated with relay circuits and temporal summation within the retina is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 45

Cone

Question 46

The major difference between the spinocervicothalamic pathway and the spinothalamic pathway is the presence, in the former pathway, of a second projection neuron in the ____ nucleus of the spinal cord.

Answer 46

????

Question 47

Which one of the following terms refers to a condition in which the pain sensation elicited by a noxious stimulus is increased over normal levels of pain sensation?

Answer 47

Hyperalgesia

Question 48

Clinically, "intention tremor" is typically observed in animals with damage to the:

Answer 48

Cerebellum

Question 49

The pineal body (gland) and the caudal commissure are considered part of the:

Answer 49

Epithalamus

Question 50

Conscious awareness of smell occurs in which brain region?

Answer 50

Piriform Cortex

Question 51

A client brings his 12-year-old German Shepherd into your veterinary clinic. A CAT-scan shows a tumor situatied in the piriform lobe infiltrating the amygdala. This astrocytoma is rapidly growing and releasing substances that excite (depolarize) neurons in the amygdala. Based on this information what behavior sign would you predict the dog would exhibit?

Answer 51

Aggressive Behavior

Question 52

Cerebellar mossy afferent fibers arise from 4 regions of the CNS

Answer 52

Pontine Nucleus Vestibular Nuclei Nucleus Thoracicus Spinal Cord

Question 53

As a tumor of the pituitary gland grows it often compresses the infundibular stalk including the axon arising from neurons located in the supraoptic nucleus. Once these axons are ocmpressed they are unable to transport their hormonal product to the neurohypophysis. What condition would result from specific damage to axons of the supraoptic nucleus?

Answer 53

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 54

A primary afferent neuron that is preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus is called a

Answer 54

Nociceptor

Question 55

Which hypothalamic nuclei produces a hormone that stimulates myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition?

Answer 55

Paraventricular Nucleus

Question 56

Basket cells of the cerebellum exert a powerful inhibitory effect on which cerebellar cell type?

Answer 56

Purkinje Cells

Question 57

For the spinothalamic pathway, indicate the specific locations of the cell bodies of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons in the pathway:

Answer 57

1st - Periphery (skin) 2nd - Nucleus Proprius 3rd - Thalamus

Question 58

An animal that suffers destruction of ONLY the RIGHT spinothalamic tract at the level of spinal cord segment T12 would lose pain sensation in which one of its four limbs?

Answer 58

Left Hindlimb

Question 59

In pain lectures, you were given information related to "how to recognize pain in animals". Describe 2 signs that you might look for

Answer 59

Behavioral - Increased aggressiveness, lethargy Physiological - Obvious Injury

Question 60

The hypothalamus is the most _____ part of the diencephalon. It is the most significant compoenent of the diencephalon from a clinical standpoint because lesions result in abnormalities in \_\_\_\_\_\_, limbic and/or autonomic function.

Answer 60

Ventral Endocrine

Question 61

How do releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus get to the adenohypophysis to stimluate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 61

Releasing factors are released into the venous system where they move through the venous plexus into the pituitary gland.

Question 62

T/F Photons trigger closure of cation channels and decrease in neurotransmitter release by rods

Answer 62

True

Question 63

T/F Dogs have two populations of color sensitive cones.

Answer 63

True

Question 64

T/F Neurons in the pretectal region give rise to the tectospinal tract.

Answer 64

False Neurons in the pretectal region give rise to the tectospinal tract.

Question 65

T/F Motion information and color information are conveyed separately in visual pathways.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

T/F Axons that run in the lateral lemniscus arise from neuron cell bodies located in the m edial geniculate nucleus.

Answer 66

False Axons that run in the lateral lemniscus arise from neuron cell bodies located in the m edial geniculate nucleus.

Question 67

T/F Cochlear nuclei are the source of efferent axons to hair cells in the spiral organ.

Answer 67

False Cochlear nuclei are the source of efferent axons to hair cells in the spiral organ.

Question 68

T/F Auditory ossicles operate to convert large amplitude movement to high force movement.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

T/F Inner hair cells receive more innervation from cochlear nerve neurons than do outer hair cells.

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Function of Nociception

Answer 70

Detection of tissue damage by nociceptors

Question 71

Function of Hyperalgesia

Answer 71

Inflammatory mediators cause this

Question 72

Example of Allodynia

Answer 72

Sunburn is an example of this

Question 73

Analgesic

Answer 73

Pain Preventing

Question 74

Noxious

Answer 74

Stimulus that damages tissue

Question 75

A-delta fiber

Answer 75

Lightly myelinated fiber responsible for 1st pain

Question 76

C-Fiber

Answer 76

Non-myelinated fiber responsible for 2nd Pain

Question 77

ATP

Answer 77

Metabolite that activates nociceptive free nerve endings

Question 78

Glutamate

Answer 78

Neurotransmitter of Primary Afferent Nociceptors

Question 79

Histamine

Answer 79

Substance from Mast Cells that Sensitizes Nociceptors

Question 80

Damage to which diencephalic area would be expected to interfere with normal circadian rhythms resulting in alterations in the normal sleep/wake cycle?

Answer 80

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 81

The rostral and caudal hypothalamus affect autonomic function differently. A pituitary tumor that stimulates the rostral hypothalamus would be expected to cause which symptoms?

Answer 81

Decreased body temperature

Question 82

"Diabetes Insipidus" is a condition in which there is a loss of control of water excretion such that animals drink and urinate excessively. This condition is caused by lesions that interfere with the production or transport of which one hypothalamic substance?

Answer 82

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 83

Mitral cells are important neurons in the conduction of which sensations?

Answer 83

Olfaction

Question 84

An animal with a brain tumor that damages the septal area might be expected to show what type of behavior?

Answer 84

Aggression

Question 85

Which 4 structures are components of the limbic system?

Answer 85

1. Hippocampus 2. Amygdala 3. Cingulate Gyrus 4. Mamillary body

Question 86

The tapteum lucidum is located within the _____ of the eyeball.

Answer 86

Choroid

Question 87

A client brings a 10 yr old GR to your vet clinic bc the dog shows abnormal gait. As you examine the animal you find that it has normal strength and movement in all four limbs with no signs of weakness or paralysis and it also shows normal withdrawal reflexes. However, you also find that the dog has marked bilateral ataxia and dysmetria and shows a pronounced nystagmus. Based on your knowledge of brain anatomy and clinical dysfunction what brain area do you conclude has been damaged?

Answer 87

Cerebellum

Question 88

3 Criteria are characteristic of a structure that is part of the limbic system. List them.

Answer 88

????

Question 89

Describe or diagram the components of the Endogenous Analgesia System including the major brain stem regions involved. In addition indicate one of the neurotransmitters involved in the descending inhibition produced by this system.

Answer 89

????

Question 90

\_\_\_\_\_ cells are the retinal cells responsible for the surround inhibition exhibited by ganglion cells.

Answer 90

Horizontal

Question 91

The photoreceptor cells that contain rhodopsin and participate in highly convergent retinal circuits are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 91

Rods

Question 92

The phrase "place principle" pertains to the detection of the quality of sound called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 92

Pitch

Question 93

The _____ membrane separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct.

Answer 93

Basilar

Question 94

Cerebellar climbing fibers arise from which structure?

Answer 94

Olivary Nucleus

Question 95

Which one of the deep cerebellar nuclei is involved with correcting gross movements in animals via its projections to the red nucleus?

Answer 95

Interpositus Nucleus

Question 96

The Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemisphere project to which one of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

Answer 96

Dentate Nucleus

Question 97

Which one of the diencephalic subdivisions plays a role int he generation of rhytmic movements in animals?

Answer 97

Subthalamus