Nociception

Question 1

A primary afferent neuron that is preferentially sensitive to noxious stimulus

Answer 1

Nociceptor

Question 2

Pain producing

Answer 2

Algesic

Question 3

Pain Preventing

Answer 3

Analgesic

Question 4

Increased pain sensation elicited by a noxious stimulus (bump an injured toe)

Answer 4

Hyperalgesia

Question 5

A pathological condition in which pain is produced by a stimulus that is normally innocuous (sunburn)

Answer 5

Allodynia

Question 6

4 ways to detect pain in animals

Answer 6

1. Situational evidence - recent injury?
2. Behavioral responses (aggressiveness?)
3. Physiological changes (increased HR?)
4. Biochemical changes (coritsol or adrenaline in blood?)

Question 7

All somatosensory pathways begin at a ……… that converts environmental energy into an electrical signal

Answer 7

Peripheral receptor

Question 8

Location of a first order neuron in the Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 8

Spinal Ganglion

Question 9

Location of a second order neuron in the Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 9

Spinal Cord

Question 10

Location of a third order neuron in the Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 10

Thalamus —> to the cortex

Question 11

Pain receptors (nociceptors) have:

Answer 11

Free Nerve Endings

Question 12

TRPV1 is sensitive to:

Answer 12

Thermal Stimuli
&
changes in pH

Question 13

2 examples of inflammatory mediators that act upon nociceptors

Answer 13

ATP & Bradykinin

Question 14

Once inflamm mediators attach on nociceptors, 2nd messenger systems ……

Answer 14

increase sensitization and increase hyperalgesia

Question 15

Sensitization of nociceptors is seen as (3):

This mechanism underlies ……

Answer 15

1. A reduction in the threshold for activation
2. An increase in response to a given stimulus
3. The appearance of spontaneous activity

HYPERALGESIA

Question 16

Peripheral nociceptors have their cell body or soma in a ______ or a ______

Answer 16

Spinal or a cranial nerve ganglia

Question 17

The peripheral receptor cell body gives rise to (2 things):

Answer 17

1. A peripheral process or primary afferent axon that innervates skin, muscles, viscera, etc. as a free nerve ending
2. a Central Process that terminates in the spinal cord distal horn or in the brain stem

Question 18

Two types of axons transmit noxious information:

Answer 18

A delta fibers

C fibers

Question 19

Lightly myelinated, conduct at velocities of 2-30 M/sec (1st pain)

FAST!

Answer 19

A delta fibers

Question 20

Non-myelinated, conduct at velocities of less than 2 M/sec (2nd pain)

SLOW!

Answer 20

C-Fibers

Question 21

Central transmission of Pain

Answer 21

Pain is transmitted from:
Primary Afferent Axons (from cell bodies in spinal ganglion) 
----->
Spinal cord dorsal horn (Marginal nucleus or nucleus proprius)
----->
Thalamus 
----->
Cerebral Cortex

Question 22

2 most important central nervous system pathways for pain:

Answer 22

1. Spinothalamic Pathway

2. Spinocervicothalamic Pathway

Question 23

This pathway is classically considered to be the major pain relay system in mammals.

Answer 23

Spinothalamic Pathway

Question 24

1st order neuron
Location
Peripheral Process Projection Site
Central Process Projection Site

Answer 24

Dorsal Root Spinal Ganglion

The nociceptor

Gray matter of the cord

Question 25

1st order neuron synapses on (3)

Answer 25

Marginal Nucleus Substantia Gelatinosa Deeper laminae

Question 26

2nd order Neuron Location Axon path Axon termination location

Answer 26

Marginal Nucleus & the Nucleus Proprius Decussate and join other axons that send pain information. These form the Spinothalamic Tract. Terminate in the thalamus

Question 27

3rd order Neuron Location Send Axons to?

Answer 27

Thalamus Send axons to the cerebral cortex

Question 28

2nd order neuron axons that terminate in the MEDIAL THALAMUS mediate the ___________

Answer 28

Motivational-Affective aspects of pain (emotion & pain)

Question 29

2nd order neuron axons that terminate in the LATERAL THALAMUS mediate ______________

Answer 29

discriminative aspects of pain

Question 30

An animal becomes aware of painful stimuli at the level of the _______

Answer 30

Thalamus

Question 31

The _______ is required for localization of pain to a specific body region

Answer 31

Cerebral cortex

Question 32

``` The Spinocervicothalamic (Spinocervical Pathway) differs from the spinothalamic pathway in that is has an additional neuron located in the : __________ ``` and the pathway crosses at the ___________

Answer 32

Lateral cervical nucleus Level of the rostral spinal cord/lower brainstem

Question 33

Spinocervicothalamic pathway: Receptors: ______ 1st Order Neurons: _______ 2nd Order Neurons: ______ 3rd Order Neurons located in: ______

Answer 33

Free Nerve Endings Dorsal Root Ganglion Marginal Nucleus or Nucleus Proprius Lateral Cervical Nucleus

Question 34

Axons from 3rd order neurons in the cervicospinal pathway cross the midline and ascend to the contralateral _______ where they terminate on ______

Answer 34

Thalamus 4th Order Neurons

Question 35

Cervicospinal pathway The axons of 4th Order Neurons project to _______ of the _______

Answer 35

Somatosensory Area Cerebral Cortex

Question 36

Major components of the endogneous Analgesia system: (3)

Answer 36

Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) Nucleus Raphe Magnus Nucleus Locus Coeruleus

Question 37

Nucleus Raphe Magnus Location

Answer 37

Midline of the rostral medulla

Question 38

Nucleus Locus Coeruleus Location

Answer 38

Caudal pons near the floor of the 4th ventricle

Question 39

Nucleus Raphe Magnus neurons contain high levels of _________ Axons synapse in the ______ and _______ to inhibit pain transmission neurons in these nuclei of the dorsal horn

Answer 39

Serotonin Marginal Nucleus & Nucleus Proprius

Question 40

Nucleus Locus Coeruleus contains high levels of ________

Answer 40

Norepinephrine

Question 41

Midbrain Periaqueductal Grey region contains a high density of _______ which activates a ______ pathway that excites neurons in the ______ and consequently inhibits spinothalamic and spinocervicothalamic neurons in the spinal cord.

Answer 41

Opiate receptors Descending Nucleus Raphe Magnus

Question 42

Endonenough Pain Activation System helps to maintain ____ ____.

Answer 42

Chronic Pain

Question 43

4 vital signs to take

Answer 43

Temperature Pulse Respiratory Rate Pain score

Question 44

Treat mild pain with: (4)

Answer 44

NSAID's Steroids Local anesthestics Physical Therapy

Question 45

Treat moderate pain with: (3)

Answer 45

Opioid agonists Opioid agonists/antagonists Alpha2 agonists

Question 46

Treat severe pain with: (2)

Answer 46

Potent opioids with/without concurrent medications | Permanent nerve blocks

Question 47

Local anesthetics (3)

Answer 47

Carbocaine Lidocaine Bupivicaine

Question 48

Corticosteroid type

Answer 48

Prednisone

Question 49

NSAID's (4)

Answer 49

Aspirin Rimadyl Deraxocib oral Tepoxalin oral

Question 50

Alpha 2 Agonists (3)

Answer 50

Xylazine Demotidine Medetomidine

Question 51

Opioids (1)

Answer 51

Buprenex Injectable (buprenorphine)

Question 52

Acupuncture aids in the release of: (3)

Answer 52

Norepinephrine Opioid substances Other neurotransmitters