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Principles 2 > Exam 1 (Radiation & Laser) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Radiation & Laser) Flashcards

1
Q
  • What is mechanical radiation?
A

Only travels thru substances

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2
Q
  • What is nuclear radiation?
A

Unstable atom nuclei

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3
Q
  • What is cosmic radiation?
A
  • Electrons only.
  • Sun rays.
  • Almost speed of light.
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4
Q
  • What is ionizing radiation?
A

Electrons knocked off atoms create ions

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5
Q
  • What is more harmful, non-ionizing or ionizing radiation?
A

Ionizing, d/t electrical charges causing chemical reactions

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6
Q
  • What are x-rays carried by?
A

By photons

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7
Q
  • A shorter wavelength means _____ energy?
A

Higher

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8
Q
  • What must happen for an electron to move back into its original orbit?
A

The orbit must release a photon

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9
Q
  • Which atom size is more likely to absorb photons?
A

Larger atoms (bones)

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10
Q
  • What is an example of small atoms & large atoms in the human body?
A
  • Small= soft tissue.
  • Large= bones
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11
Q
  • Explain the Anode in an x-ray machine?
A
  • Positive charge.
  • Made of tungsten
  • Attaches electrons across the tube
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12
Q
  • Explain the Cathode in an x-ray machine?
A
  • Filament in the center.
  • Current heats filament.
  • Heat causes electrons to fly off filament
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13
Q
  • What are the most common side effects of radiation therapy?
A
  • N/V: (brain, pelvis, abdomen)
  • Hair loss: (brain, breast, chest).
  • Diarrhea: (pelvis, rectum, abdomen)
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14
Q
  • What are radiation doses measured in?
A

millirem (mrem) or rads

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15
Q
  • What are the annual allowable doses for radiation?
A
  • Whole body: 5,000 mrem
  • Extremities: 50,000 mrem
  • Eye: 15,000 mrem
  • Pregnancy: 500 mrem
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16
Q
  • An angioplasty exposes one to how many mrem?
A

5,700 mrem

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16
Q
  • A CXR exposes one to how many mrem?
A

5-10 mrem

16
Q
  • An angiogram exposes one to how many mrem?
A

1,500 mrem

17
Q
  • A CT exposes one to how many mrem?
A

5,000 mrem

18
Q
  • A narrow collimation leads to _____ scatter?
A

Decreased

19
Q
  • Moving from 2 feet to 4 ft from radiation source affects your exposure by what?
A

Only exposed to ¼ of mrem (20 mrem to 5 mrem)

20
Q
  • MRI principles are based of?
A
  • Static magnetic field &
  • individual atom nuclei
21
Q
  • What does an MRI use the magnetic field for?
A

To orient nuclei of Hydrogen molecules to north-south poles

22
Q
  • How does fat & water appear using T1 MRI view/technique & what is a T1 used for?
A
  • Fat= bright. Water= dark.
  • T1 used for anatomy
23
Q
  • What is a T2 MRI view used for?
A
  • Pathology &
  • identifies edema easily
24
Q
  • What is the MRI contrast material made of & what are the side effects?
A
  • Gadolinium.
  • Side effects: itching, rash, abnormal skin sensation
25
Q
  • How long does it take for Gadolinium to clear the system?
A

24hrs with normal GFR

26
Q
  • Which vaporizer is MRI safe?
A

Sevoflurane

27
Q
  • What body part is at risk for injury during MRI abdominal scans?
A

Brachial plexus d/t arms being over the head

28
Q
  • How long does one have to wait to be MRI safe after endovascular or biliary stents, what about coronary stents?
A
  • 8 weeks.
  • Coronary stents are safe immediately
29
Q
  • What happens to the electrons when the laser is in use?
A

Electrons become excited & move to higher orbit

30
Q
  • What are the properties of lasers?
A
  • Monochromatic: same wavelength.
  • Coherence: photons travel synchronized in time & space.
  • Collimation: beam photons are nearly parallel
31
Q

What are the mediums used in lasers?

A
  • Argon
  • CO2
  • Nd YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet)
32
Q
  • What is the advantage of a CO2 laser & what locations are they great for?
A
  • Minimal scatter.
  • Great for vocal cord, oropharynx
33
Q
  • What is the advantage of an Argon laser & what is it used for?
A
  • Modest tissue penetration.
  • Used in dermatology
34
Q
  • What is a Nd YAG laser used for?
A

Tumor debulking (oncology)

35
Q
  • What are the hazards of lasers?
A
  • Atmospheric contamination
  • Perforation of vessel or structure
  • Embolism
  • Inappropriate energy transfer
  • Airway fire
36
Q
  • Atmospheric contamination can lead to what & what are the S/S?
A
  • Lead to interstitial PNE, bronchiolitis, emphysema, carciogenic.
  • S/S: HA, nausea after inhalation
37
Q
  • What is needed for the fire triad?
A
  • Ignition source
  • Fuel
  • Oxidizer
38
Q
  • What are the two major sources for OR fires?
A
  • ESU (Electrosurgical units) (Cautery, etc)
  • Laser
39
Q
  • What are pledgets?
A

Soaked cotton like device placed around ETT

40
Q
  • What should be avoided in laser procedures?
A
  • Nitrous
  • Keep O2 < 30%

Principles 2 (10 decks)

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