Exam 1 ?'s

Question 1

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 1

Sodium
Strontium
Radium
Magnesium
Fluoride
Lead

Question 2

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 2

It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age

Question 3

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 3

The clavicle

Question 4

Difference in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 4

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 5

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 5

Ontogenetic variation

Question 6

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within he population based on ethnicities or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 6

Geographic variation or population based variation

Question 7

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 7

Idiosyncratic variation

Question 8

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 8

Accessory bone

Question 9

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

Answer 9

Heterotopic bone

Question 10

What is the name given to an optimum which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 10

Meatus

Question 11

How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?

Answer 11

126

Question 12

How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?

Answer 12

80

Question 13

How many boners form the typical adult neurocranium?

Answer 13

8

Question 14

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

Answer 14

14 bones

Question 15

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?

Answer 15

26 segments

Question 16

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?

Answer 16

24 segments

Question 17

What is the length of atypical male spinal column?

Answer 17

About 70 cm or 28”

Question 18

What is length of a typical female spinal column?

Answer 18

60 cm or 25”

Question 19

What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?

Answer 19

About 18 cm or 7”

Question 20

What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated wit the horizontal axis of the skill?

Answer 20

The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

Question 21

Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

Answer 21

The perichordal blastema

Question 22

What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastema?

Answer 22

Intersegmental artery

Question 23

Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what feature?

Answer 23

A loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite

Question 24

What forms between the sclerotomite of a perichordal blastema?

Answer 24

The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of Von Ebner)

Question 25

What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

Answer 25

Centrum centers and neural arch centers

Question 26

What is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?

Answer 26

Cartilage synchondrosis/ ampiarthrosis synchondrosis

Question 27

What are the names of the sunchondoses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical veterbra?

Answer 27

Tip of the transverse process synchondrosis Tip of the spinous process synchondrosis Epiphyseal ring synchondrosis

Question 28

What will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its intitial direction in the cervical region?

Answer 28

Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position

Question 29

What will cause the transverse/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?

Answer 29

The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backwards

Question 30

In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the _______?

Answer 30

Pre-zygapophysis

Question 31

In the vertebra couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the ____?`

Answer 31

Post-zygapophysis

Question 32

What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 32

The inferior articular process/ post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/ pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum

Question 33

What will formthe superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 33

The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

Question 34

What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 34

The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure

Question 35

What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

Answer 35

The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 36

Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 36

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus Ligamentum flavum Recurrent meningeal/sin-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve Hofmann/ anterior dural/ meningovertebral ligaments

Question 37

What contents of the subarachnoid space are changed below the level C6?

Answer 37

The arterial vasa corona consits of 1 anterior spinal artery, 2 posterior spinal arteries and 3 communicating arteries

Question 38

What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

Answer 38

Dentate (denticulate) ligament

Question 39

What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?

Answer 39

C3-T1, the cervical enlargement | T9-T12, the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargements

Question 40

What is the generic cord level of origin - vertebral level combination for the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?

Answer 40

L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra L3,L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra L5,S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra S2,S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra

Question 41

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?

Answer 41

Conus medullaris

Question 42

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

Answer 42

Cauda equina

Question 43

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?

Answer 43

Film terminate internum

Question 44

What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum termínale internum?

Answer 44

It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4

Question 45

What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum termínale is thickened?

Answer 45

Tethered cord syndrome

Question 46

At the intervertebral foramen, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the cervical spine?

Answer 46

In the cervical spine, spinal roots exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 is the exception to the rule) ex C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3

Question 47

What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?

Answer 47

The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and Rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple

Question 48

What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?

Answer 48

Groove/ sulcus for the vertebral artery

Question 49

What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?

Answer 49

The carotid tubercle

Question 50

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to 40 degrees?

Answer 50

T2-T4

Question 51

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to 60 degrees?

Answer 51

T5-T8

Question 52

What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?

Answer 52

Para-articular process

Question 53

Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?

Answer 53

The lateral tubercle

Question 54

Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbar?

Answer 54

The superior tubercle

Question 55

Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbar?

Answer 55

The inferior tubercle

Question 56

What forms the median sacral crest?

Answer 56

Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

Question 57

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 57

Fused articular processes and their facets

Question 58

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 58

The mammillary process of S1 and the sacral Cornu of S5

Question 59

What is the name of theinferior opening of the sacral Spinal canal?

Answer 59

The sacral hiatus

Question 60

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 60

The fused transverse processes and trance reuse tubercles from S1 to S5

Question 61

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

Answer 61

Coccygeal Cornu

Question 62

What is present on the head of the first rib?

Answer 62

A single articular surface

Question 63

What is lacking at the head of the first rib?

Answer 63

The interarticular crest

Question 64

Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?

Answer 64

Not a well-developed on elike on the typical rib

Question 65

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the firs rib is close to the vertebral end?

Answer 65

The groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve

Question 66

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the sternal end?

Answer 66

The groove for the subclavian vein

Question 67

What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of rib 2

Answer 67

The head, neck and tubercle

Question 68

What feature may be identified on the head of rib 2?

Answer 68

Two articular surfaces and the inter articular crest

Question 69

What feature may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of rib 2?

Answer 69

The tuberosity for the serratus anterior, the costal angle and the costal groove

Question 70

What is the appearance of thesternal end of the eleventh rib?

Answer 70

It is somewhat pointed

Question 71

What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the 12 rib from other ribs?

Answer 71

The head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent

Question 72

What are the 3 histological classifications of joints?

Answer 72

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial fluid

Question 73

Which mammals have more or less then 7 cervical vertebra?

Answer 73

``` **Less** 2 toed sloth Manatee **More** Ant beat 3 toed sloth ```

Question 74

What are th names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim?

Answer 74

Uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip

Question 75

What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?

Answer 75

Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

Question 76

What is the name given to the uncinate process, right and left lateral groove?

Answer 76

Joint of lush ja or uncovertebral joint

Question 77

The joint of luschka is formed form what surfaces?

Answer 77

The uncinate process and lateral groove