Exam 2 ?'s Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
What attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
A
Longus Colli
2
Q
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of the skin in each gender?
A
Males: 55mm
Females: 37 mm
3
Q
What are the attachment sites of the posterior Atlanta-occipital ligament?
A
It is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas, to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital lobe
4
Q
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior Atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
A
An incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
5
Q
What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
A
A partial ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
6
Q
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
A
Kimmerle’s annomaly
7
Q
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
A
Arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
8
Q
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the population studied?
A
1- 41%
9
Q
What is the gender bias now associated with the ponticulus posticus?
A
Females
10
Q
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
A
Males: 78mm
Females: 72mm
11
Q
Is there a gender bias variation for the distance tubercle fo the transverse process of C1 to the skin?
A
Not a significant one
12
Q
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
A
A little over 30 mm for both
13
Q
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
A
Membrana tectoria
14
Q
What Ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
A
PLL
15
Q
What name is given only to C7 ?
A
Vertebra prominens
16
Q
In what percent of men and women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
A
Men: 86%
Women: 79%
17
Q
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
A
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
18
Q
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
A
Longus colli muscle
19
Q
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
A
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, and true transverse process
20
Q
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
A
Vertebral venous plexus, Postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
21
Q
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
A
Left vertebral artery
22
Q
What is the gender bias regrading the size of the vertebral artery?
A
Men have larger vertebral arteries than women
23
Q
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
A
The vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
24
Q
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
A
C6
25
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
The atlanto-axial space
26
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
The atlanto-occipital interspace
27
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
The basilar artery
28
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral boy of T5-T8?
The aortic impression
29
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
Costocentral joint
30
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the ____ nerve? **Use the T6 nerve**
The inferior costal demifacet of T6 will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the 7th rib.
The superior costal demifacet of T7 will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the 7th rib
31
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
- The costocentral stellate/radiate ligament
| - the costo central interarticular or intra-articular ligament
32
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
The longus Colli
33
Which X-ray view is used to see in the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
The lateral view
34
What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic spine?
Shingling
35
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
```
3 longissimus’s
3 semispinalis’s
Multifidis
Rotator longus
Rotator brevis
Intertransversarii
Levaror costarum longus & brevis
```
36
Of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracic, which ones will attach only to the T5-T8 vertebral segments?
Semispinalis thoracic and levator costarum longus
37
Which of the muscles attaching to the transverse process of typical thoracic are examples of erector spinal groups?
The longissimus muscles
38
What is the angulation of the articular facet of a typical thoracic?
About 10-20 degrees from the coronal plane;
60 degrees from the horizontal plane
39
What is the pars interartucularis?
The region between the superior and inferior articular process
40
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
Imbrication
41
Imbrication will be more pronounced for which region of the thoracic?
T5-T8
42
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
43
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?
The undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane
44
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?
60 degrees form the horizontal plane
45
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of a typical thoracic are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
Splenius cervicis, splenius capitis and interspinalis
46
What is the appearance of the superior articular surface of the vertebral body of T1?
It is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
47
What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head in the costocentral joints of T1?
The superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
48
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the 1st thoracic nerve?
The inferior costal facet of T1 will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the second rib.
The superior costal demi-facet of T2 will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the second rib
49
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the IVF for the 8th cervical nerve?
The superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
50
What ligament supports the costocentral joint of the first rib?
The costocentral stellate / radiate ligament
51
What ligaments support the costocentral joint at the second rib?
The costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments and the costocentral interarticular/ intrarticular ligament
52
The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to what features?
The head of rib and the vertebral bodies and the IVD at the costocentral joint
53
The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to which segement(s) at the C8 spinal nerve IVF?
The vertebral body of C7 and the vertebral body of T1
54
The costocentral stellate/ radiate ligament will attach to which segment(s) at the T1 spinal nerve IVF?
The vertebral body of T1 and the vertebral body of T2
55
What muscle(s) attached to the vertebral body of T1?
The longus Colli
56
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
The superior costotransverse ligament
57
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1?
Intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse
58
What is the muscle layer - muscle example combination of muscles attaching to the spinous process of T1?
1- trapezius
2- rhomboid minor
3- serratus posterior superior
4- spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
5- semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis
59
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T1 aren not included in any muscle layers of the true back?
Splenius capitis and interspinialis
60
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T9?
Intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse
61
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T9 support?
The 10th rib costotransverse joint
62
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal Demi-facet?
T9
63
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
64
The superior costotransverse ligament of T10 will attach to which rib?
The 11th rib
65
What muscles attach to the transverse process process of T10?
Longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus & brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus & brevis
66
What name is given to T11?
The anticlinal vertebra
67
Which vertebral segment is the first to have Reniform vertebral body?
T11
68
Which muscle(s) attached to the vertebral body of T11?
None
69
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
70
What is the orientation of the transverse costal facet for T11?
There are no transverse costal facets on T11
71
The inferior costotransverse ligament of T11 will attach to which rib?
The 11th rib
72
The lateral costotransverse ligament of rib 11 attaches to which feature?
The transverse process of T11
73
The lateral costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T11 attaches to which rib?
The 11th rib
74
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T11?
Intertransverse, superior/ inferior/ lateral costotransverse ligaments
75
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are absent at T11?
Capsular costotransverse ligament
76
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
Longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus/ brevis, intertransversarii, and levator costarum brevis
77
Which levator costarum Muscles is absent at T11?
Levator costarum longus
78
At which segments of the thoracic spine will the spinalis muscles not attach?
T9, T10
79
Which erector spinal muscle uniquely attaches to the spinous process of T11?
Iliocostalis lumborum
80
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T12 on the superior view?
Kidney shaped or reniform
81
Which muscle is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
Psoas Major and Minor
82
Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?
The lateral tubercle
83
Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbar?
The superior tubercle
84
Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbar?
The inferior tubercle
85
What ligament form the costotransverse joint of the 12th rib?
The superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
86
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?
None
87
What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?
The longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus/ brevis & intertransversarii
88
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
89
Which segment is the least to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
90
Which erector spinal muscles is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?
Iliocostalis lumborum
91
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscles layer of the true back?
Interspinalis
92
Which thoracic segments will have muscles attaching to their vertebral bodies?
T1-T3, T12
93
Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate an attachment at the trancesrse process for the semispinalis muscle group?
T12
94
Which thoracic is the 1st to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T1
95
Which thoracic is the last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T11
96
Which thoracic is the first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?
T7
97
Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum longus?
T10
98
Which vertebra will be identified as an atypical lumbar?
L5
99
What is the appearance of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
Anterior height is greater than posterior height by a few mm
100
What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?
Decreases in height, increases in circumference
101
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segement?
T12, L1
102
What is the name given to the ligaments that attach to the vertebral body to the articular process?
Transforaminal ligaments
103
What are the tepes of transforaminal ligaments?
Superior/ middle/ inferior transforaminal ligaments
104
What names identify ligaments that attach the dura mater to the vertebral body or pedicle?
Anterior/ posterior/ lateral Hofmann ligaments & proximal root sleeve ligaments
105
What is the highest level know to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
106
What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligament?
Resist caudal movement of the dural sac;
| Resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
107
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
Resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
108
What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?
Resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen
109
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum attachment site on the lamina results in what feature?
Para-articular process
110
What occurs between laminar in a lumbar vertebral couple?
Overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes
111
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
An overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes;
| Overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
112
Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?
Each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increase in length from L1-L3.; L4 then begins to decrease in length
113
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in the what feature?
Styloid process
114
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
115
What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?
The costotransverse bar
116
What ligament(s) will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
Mamullo-accessory ligament
117
What muscles attach tot he lumbar accessory process?
Longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
118
Which transversospinalis muscle group attaches to the typical lumbar transverse process?
Rotators
119
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
The lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
120
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
The zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2 and L3/L4;
The zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1
121
What name is given to zygapophyses between vertebral couples that lie in the same plane?
Joint symmetry
122
What names are given to the condition in which the right zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a plane or position different from the left zygapophysis?
Joint asymmetry or joint tropism
123
What is the the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”
124
What is the last thoracic to have a semispinalis muscles attachment on the spinous process?
T6
125
Which muscle attached to the spinous process of typical lumbar vertebrae would not be considered part of any layer in the true back?
Interspinalis
126
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the 5th lumbar?
6
127
What muscle attached to the 5th lumbar vertebral body?
Psoas major
128
What sit he name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?
Transformational ligaments
129
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
Corporotransverse ligaments
130
What corporotransverse ligaments are identified?
Superior and inferior coprorotransverse ligaments
131
What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?
Anterior, posterior, lateral Hofmann ligaments & proximal root sleeve
132
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
Styloid process
133
What muscle attaches to the 5th lumbar accessory process
Longissimus thoracic
134
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebra?
Psoas major, quadratics lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, & intertransversarii
135
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
The zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1-L4,
| The zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4-S1
136
What names are given to the condition in which the right zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in a plane or position different from the left zygapophysis?
Joint asymmetry or joint tropism
137
What is the name of the condition in which the L5 spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”
138
What is Baastrup’s syndrome?
Elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging
139
What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bífida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?
Knife Clasp syndrome
140
What ligaments will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
The interspinous ligament and supraspinous ligament
141
What is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = FoLD
142
What muscles may attach to the first sacral body?
Psoas major
143
What part of the PNS is present in the first sacral vertebral foramen?
The cauda equina
144
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
The zygapophysis lies int he coronal plane for L5/S1
145
Fusion of the vertebral bodies of sacrum across the IVS is called _____?
Synostosis
146
What is the size relationship between ventral and dorsal sacral foramina?
Ventral are larger
147
What feature is associated with eh transverse tubercle of S5?
The inferior and lateral sacral angle (inferolateral)
148
What muscles may attach to the transverse processes of sacrum?
Multifidis & iliocostalis lumborum
149
What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?
Multifidis & iliocostalis lumborum
150
What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?
Iliacus
151
What is tha appearance of the first sacral vertebral body from the lateral view?
Anterior height is greater than posterior height by several mm; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-ray view
152
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3
Auricular surface
153
What ligament is attached to the sacral hiatus?
The superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
154
What is the homólogo for the PLL at S5?
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
155
What is the homólog for the ALL at S5?
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
156
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
Flexion - extension, 5-20 degrees
157
What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus
S4, S5 and Co1 nerves
158
What is the ganglion impar?
A midline sympathetic ganglion
159
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
Ischiococcygeus and levator ani
160
What is the homolog for the ALL at Co1?
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
161
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
A range of 2.6 to 10%
162
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native alaskan population?
52.6%
163
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
Tha native Alaskan (Inuit) population
164
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
Rare, congenital, gender bias toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bífida
165
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
Fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under 5 years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
166
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
Men at L5/S1
| Women at L4/L5
167
What activities are particularly stressful on the pars interarticularis in a lumbar vertebra?
Gymnastics, dance & soccer
168
What motions are particularly associated with lumber spondylolysis?
Hyperextension coupled with rotation
169
What is the appearance of the lumber vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
A Scotty dog
170
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
A collared Scotty dog
171
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
A collared Scotty dog
172
What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?
Anterior or forward displacement
173
What is the posterior direction of vertebral slippage called?
Retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis
174
What are the types/ classifications of spondylothesis?
Type 1 = dysplastic and congenital spondylolisthesis
Type 2 = isthmic spondylolisthesis
Type 3 = degenerative spondylolisthesis
Type 4 = traumatic spondylolisthesis
Type 5 = pathologically spondylolisthesis
175
What are the subtypes of type 2 spondylolisthesis?
Lytic or stress fractured spondylolisthesis, elongated but intact pars interarticularis spondy, acutely fractured pars interarticularis spondy
176
What subtype of type 2 spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal 2?
Lytic or stress fracture spondylolisthesis
177
What is the cause most frequently given for type 2 spondylolisthesis?
Microfractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyper flexion and rotation
178
KNOW ?’s on 126 and 127
126 and 127
179
What is the largest medullary feeder artery?
The artery of adamkiewicz or the arteria radical is magna anterior
180
Characteristics of the artery of adamkiewicz?
On the left side
It is an anterior medially feeder artery
Typically in the T9/T10 IVF
Vascular supply for the lumbar enlargement
181
Most common area for thoracic spine herniation?
Below T8
182
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
The external vertebral venous plexus
AKA
Batsons plexus
183
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
They appear to lack valves?
184
What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the IVF?
They descend along the spinal cord
185
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
The sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar & vertebral artery
186
Which are the largest spinal nerves?
L5 & S1 spinal nerves
187
What increases the length of the IVF at L5?
The lumbosacral tunnel
188
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
The lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala
189
What is unusual about the sacral IVF compared to other IVF’s?
A completely osseous boundary exists
190
What is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to IVF at S5- Co1
There are two nerves present, S5 and Co1 Nerve
191
What are listed sources of Nerve compression?
- Malignant or non malignant enlarging masses
- destructive lesion of the Vertebral bodies
- thickening of the ligamentum flavum
- apophyseal joint swelling
- IVD loss of integrity
- Osteophyte formation
- increase in the thickness of the pedicle
- congenital or acquired alterations of the spinal curves
- venous congestion
192
FIB
| What are some EX. Of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
Tuberculosis, hemangioma, osteoporosis
193
What may reduce the impact of IVD loss of integrity on the IVF in the cervical and thoracic spine?
The joint of Luschka in the cervical
| The costocentral joint in the thoracic
194
FIB
| What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?
Obesity, pregnancy, and the use of heavy backpacks
195
What is the recommendedweight of a backpack compared to individual weight for the devolving spine?
Should not exceed 10% of individuals body weight
196
What embryonic even causes the direction of the posterior curve of the vertebral column?
The embryonic disc will undergo flexion in a cranial to caudal direction
197
Why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve?
It is the first curve to appear embryonically
198
What segmental levels form the cervical curve?
C2-T1
199
What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?
T12-L5
200
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical spine?
1. Centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
2. Musculature attaching the skull cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
3. The head is held upright
4. The IVD height becomes greater anterior then posterior
201
At what age will the infant begin to hold it’s head erect?
3 -4 months
202
FIB
| What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
The righting reflex
203
What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?
Cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
204
What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?
Crawling and walking
205
What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?
Females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve
206
What is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?
Lumbar curve T12-L5
| Lumbar enlargement T9-T12
207
What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?
Faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness
208
What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?
They appear after 6 years old
209
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
A right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
210
What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?
About 80%
211
Does osis infer a normal or abnormal condition?
Neither it’s nonjudgmental
212
What generic names identified abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
Lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
213
What is the definition of lordosis?
A forward bending condition
214
What it’s the definition of kyphosis?
A humpback or hunchback condition
215
What is the definition of scoliosis?
A warped or crooked condition
216
What is the direction of the curve deviation in lordosis?
To the anterior
217
What is the direction of the curve deviation in kyphosis?
To the posterior
218
What is the direction of curve deviations in scoliosis?
To the side (lateral curve deviation)
219
What clinical abnormal curvature of the vertebral column were stressed in class?
Military neck, humpback or hunchback & swayback
220
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
A kyphosis or hypokyphotic curve
221
What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?
A kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
222
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
A lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
223
What is the relationship between degrees of lateral curve deviation, axial rotation, and care?
- Curves with 10-20 degrees of lateral deviations and a fixed angle of trunk rotation have scoliosis
- curves with 20-30 degrees of lateral deviation and a fixed angle of trunk rotation of 5 degree require attention
- Curves with 30-50 degrees of lateral deviation and a fixed angle of trunk rotation of 7 degrees require intervention as they have a 60% chance to worsen
- curves with greater than 50 degrees of lateral deviation have a 90% chance to worsen
224
What is the radiological test for skeletal maturity?
The riser sign, and indication of bone maturity in the iliac apophysis
225
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the scoliosis research society?
Magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis
226
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
The Cobb method
227
What is structural scoliosis?
A more radical form of scoliosis, it Mayo worsen, assocatiated with structural deformities of the vertebra or IVD, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation
228
What is nonstructural scoliosis?
A mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or IVD and lacks a fixed angel of trunk rotation
229
What is the classification that is unique to the individual patient?
Idiopathic scoliosis
230
What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
From birth to 3 years
| **most common**
231
What is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
From 3 years old to 10
232
What is the age range for adolescence idiopathic scoliosis?
Over 10 years
233
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
Left thoracic, males, less than 1% incidence
234
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
Right thoracic, females over 6 years old and 12-21% incidence
235
Identify curve direction location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
Right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females and 80% incidence
