Exam 1 Slide Show (Introduction) Pt 1

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

The science of body structures and the relationships among the structures

Question 2

How is anatomy first studied?

Answer 2

By dissection

Question 3

What is the science of body functions?

Answer 3

Physiology

Question 4

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Answer 4

Structure and function are intertwined

Question 5

In order from smallest to greatest, how do the levels of organization work?

Answer 5

Chemical level > Cellular level > Tissue level > Organ level > System level > Organismal level

Question 6

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

Answer 6

1. Cells
2. Metabolism (anabolism and canabolism)
3. Irritability (responsiveness)
4. Growth (increase in individual size)
5. Reproduction (increase in numbers)
6. Differentiation (individual & species levels)
7. Movement

Question 7

What is a good example of anabolism?

Answer 7

Photosynthesis

Question 8

In catabolism, how is energy derived?

Answer 8

By breaking bonds (energy is stored in chemical bonds)

Question 9

Metabolism, being derived from greek, means what?

Answer 9

“change” or “overthrow” (coined by theodore schwann)

Question 10

What does irritability respond to?

Answer 10

Stimuli

Question 11

What is homeostasis?

Answer 11

The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

Question 12

Each body structure contributes in some way to keeping____

Answer 12

the internal environment within normal limits.

Question 13

Describe body fluids

Answer 13

dilute, watery solutions found both inside cells and surrounding cells

Question 14

How does body fluid relate to homeostasis?

Answer 14

By maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids. It is an important aspect of homeostasis

Question 15

What are two types of body fluids?

Answer 15

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 16

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Answer 16

The fluid within body cells

Question 17

What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 17

The fluid outside body cells

Question 18

What are the different types of ECF?

Answer 18

1. Interstitial fluid
2. Blood plasma (or plasma)
3. Lymph
4. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. Synovial fluid
6. Aqueous humor and vitreous body

Question 19

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 19

ECF filling spaces between cells

Question 20

What is blood plasma (or plasma)?

Answer 20

ECF within blood vessels

Question 21

What is lymph?

Answer 21

ECF within lymphatic vessels

Question 22

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 22

ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord

Question 23

What is snynovial fluid?

Answer 23

ECF in joints

Question 24

What is aqueous humor and vitreous body?

Answer 24

Two different types of ECF within the eyes

Question 25

How often do disruptions to the body happen?

Answer 25

Continually

Question 26

Where do most disruptions come from?

Answer 26

Many are from the internal environment some are from the external environment

Question 27

The body has many regulating mechanisms to achieve homeostasis, and these operate through_____

Answer 27

the two control systems of the body

Question 28

What are the two control systems of the body?

Answer 28

The Nervous system and the Endocrine system

Question 29

How does the nervous system help achieve homeostasis?

Answer 29

By means of nerve impulses

Question 30

How does the endocrine system help achieve homeostasis?

Answer 30

By means of hormones

Question 31

The Nervous system and Endocrine system operate mainly through which feedback system?

Answer 31

Mainly through the negative feedback system

Question 32

What are the components of a feedback system?

Answer 32

1. Receptor (typically a nerve or chemoreceptor) 2. Control center (typically in the brain) 3. Effector (typically muscles or glands)

Question 33

What are the two types of feedback systems?

Answer 33

Positive feedback and negative feedback

Question 34

Negative feedback systems maintain homeostasis by ____

Answer 34

Setting processes in place that reverse the original stimulus

Question 35

Which feedback system is most common?

Answer 35

The negative feedback system

Question 36

Positive feedback _______ a change in the condition controlled by the feedback system

Answer 36

strengthens or reinforces

Question 37

Positive feedback action continues until ______

Answer 37

it is interrupted by some mechanism outside the system

Question 38

Positive feedback systems may sometimes NOT ____

Answer 38

be actions that seem to be directly attributable to maintaining homeostasis

Question 39

In a healthy body, controlled conditions are maintained within____

Answer 39

normal limits by feedback systems (typically negative feedback systems)

Question 40

Homeostatic imbalances result in____

Answer 40

Disorder (any abnormality of structure or function) Disease (more specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms)

Question 41

What are the two type of diseases?

Answer 41

Local and Systemic

Question 42

What is a local disease?

Answer 42

a disease affecting one part of the body, or a limited region of the body

Question 43

What is a systemic disease?

Answer 43

a disease affecting several parts of the body, or the whole body

Question 44

A person with a disease may experience what?

Answer 44

Signs and symptoms

Question 45

What are signs?

Answer 45

objective changes that can be observed and measured (such as swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure)

Question 46

What are symptoms?

Answer 46

subjective changes not apparent to an observer (such as headache, nausea, anxiety)

Question 47

How are the fingers positioned in the anatomical position?

Answer 47

Fingers are relaxed and sightly flexed. They are neither closely adducted nor widely abducted. Fingers are neither prominently flexed nor rigidly extended.

Question 48

How are the feet positioned in the anterior anatomical position?

Answer 48

Feet are generally facing forward (and toes will likewise be facing forward), but the feet (and consequently toes) may be slightly directed to the side (laterally) in a relaxed fashion.

Question 49

How are the feet positioned in the posterior anatomical position?

Answer 49

Feet are generally close together, but the heels are not adjacent to each other (they are not touching)

Question 50

What is an important aspect of homeostasis?

Answer 50

Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids