Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are the eight essential functions for the maintenance of life?
- Maintaining boundaries
- Movement
- Responsiveness
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Growth
These functions are vital for sustaining life in humans.
What factors do humans need for survival?
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temperature
- Appropriate atmospheric pressure
The right amounts of these factors are crucial; too much or too little can be harmful.
What is the standard anatomical position?
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body.
What do directional terms describe?
The relationship of one body structure to another.
In anatomical terminology, what does ‘right’ and ‘left’ refer to?
The body being viewed, not the observer’s right and left.
What are the three most common body planes?
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal (coronal) plane
- Transverse (horizontal) plane
These planes are used for anatomical study.
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
- Cranial cavity
- Vertebral cavity
The cranial cavity encases the brain, while the vertebral cavity encases the spinal cord.
What are the two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
These cavities are separated by the diaphragm.
What is serosa?
Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity.
What do parietal and visceral serosa refer to?
- Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
- Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
The double layers are separated by a slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid.
What four elements make up 96% of the human body?
- Carbon
- Oxygen
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
What are the three subatomic particles that make up atoms?
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
What does atomic number represent?
The number of protons in the nucleus.
What does mass number represent?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
What are the three major types of chemical bonds?
- Ionic bonds
- Covalent bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
What is cell theory?
A cell is the structural and functional unit of life; cells can only arise from preexisting cells; all organisms are made of cells.
What are the components of a cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Genetic Material (DNA)
These components are common across all cells.
What are the three ways cells can be bound to each other?
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions
What is passive transport?
Transport that requires no energy input.
What are the three types of passive transport?
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
What is tonicity?
The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume.
What happens in an isotonic solution?
It has the same osmolarity as inside the cell, so the volume remains unchanged.
What is crenation?
The shrinking of a cell due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.
What is lysing?
The bursting of a cell due to excessive swelling in a hypotonic solution.
