EXAM

Question 1

Reason that discourages supporting ethical relativism.

Answer 1

Moral uncertainty

Question 2

It is a rule-of-thumb for ethical decision-making with the saying, “Do unto others as you would have them done unto you.”

Answer 2

Golden Rule

Question 3

Harvey believes that cultural norms determine what is morally right or morally wrong for a group of people. Harvey is __.

Answer 3

an ethical relativist

Question 4

Ethics requires skillful reasoning. Which of the following is not important to making a good argument?

A. The conclusion follows from the premises
B. The argument leads to the right conclusion
C. The argument has internal logic
D. The structure of the argument

Answer 4

B. The argument leads to the right conclusion

Question 5

According to him, reason naturally inclines human beings to be good.

Answer 5

Thomas Aquinas

Question 6

What does a biocentrist/ecocentrist believe in?

Answer 6

intrinsic value is not limited to humans

Question 7

The saying, “Before you act, consider the consequences on the next seven generation,” is best described as what kind of thinking?

Answer 7

Anthropocentric

Question 8

Ethical theory does which of the following?

A. Agrees with legal decisions
B. Shows people how they should act
C. Provides reasons for judging actions to be right or wrong
D. Proves an argument to be right or wrong

Answer 8

A. Agrees with legal decisions

Question 9

This type of moral approach is best reflective on the argument for globalization that claims processes of globalization have increased people’s understanding and sympathy for people, while fostering tolerance, respect, concern for human equality.

Answer 9

Utilitarianism

Question 10

Frederick is a man of principle. He prides himself on his integrity. When he makes a poor business decision, he comes forward and confesses despite the consequences he will likely face. Frederick is ___.

Answer 10

an ethical realism

Question 11

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Utilitarianism?

A. It ignores motivation and focuses only on consequences
B. Act utilitarianism is sometimes referred to as consequentialism
C. It has evolved along two main lines: “Act Utilitarianism” and “Rule Utilitarianism”
D. Minority rights are always protected under Utilitarianism

Answer 11

A. It ignores motivation and focuses only on consequences

Question 12

The difference between teleological and deontological is that:

A. Teleological is focused on intention while deontological is focused on motive
B. Deontological is focused on intention and teleological is focused on consequences
C. Teleological is moral and deontological is immoral
D. Deontological is moral and teleological is immoral

Answer 12

B. Deontological is focused on intention and teleological is focused on consequences

Question 13

The trolley problem is used to illustrate which of the following?

A. The morality of public vs. private transportation
B. The difficulty involved in making utilitarian decisions
C. The complexity of calculating morality using a cost-benefit analysis
D. The basis of rule utilitarianism

Answer 13

C. The complexity of calculating morality using a cost-benefit analysis

Question 14

Which of the following is not included in calculating the amount of happiness?

A. Cost
B. Intensity
C. Duration
D. Likelihood

Question 15

What notion should be at the heart of ethical theory, according to virtue ethics?

Question 16

(not provided)

Question 17

Which of the following provides the best definition of cultural relativity?

A. Culture are ranked hierarchically and relative to one another, depending on the society’s beliefs
B. Some cultural norms are superior to others, depending on the historical moment
C. In order to understand another culture, you must adapt all of its practices, even if you find them inferior
D. Cultural practices need to be understood in the context of a particular culture, and we should not judge them

Question 18

This type of ethical relativism holds that ethical judgments are the result of moral outlook and attitudes of particular persons.

Question 19

Which of the following may not be an example of the kinds of questions virtue ethics focuses on?

A. How to treat one’s co-workers
B. How honest one should be
C. What is fair in a particular situation
D. How to pick a side in the debate of a major social issue

Question 20

What branch of ethics demonstrated the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”?

Question 21

What are ethical theories?

Question 22

(not provided)

Question 23

Which one of the statements regarding making choices in moral dilemmas is true?

A. No matter what choice you make, you will be failing to follow your morals
B. There is always an obvious best choice
C. Moral dilemmas do not require us to make any choices
D. All of the answers are true

Question 24

What did Kant believe is the relationship between rationality and morality?

Question 25

Which of the following viewpoints necessarily implies that there are no universally applicable moral norms? A. Subjectivism B. Metaethical relativism C. Descriptive relativism D. Objectivism

Question 26

According to utilitarianism, which of the following is useful for evaluating the morality of an action? A. The result of the action B. The nature of the act C. The process of accomplishing the result D. People's intentions

Question 27

If a person would have to lie in order to save somebody's life, Mills would argue that: A. She should not lie because lying is always wrong B. She should do what she feels right and follow her own integrity C. She should lie because the utility of saving a life outweighs the claim of justice's D. Morality cannot provide a correct answer to this dilemma

Question 28

According to Kant, we are morally responsible for which of the following? A. For our motive to do good or bad B. For anticipating the effect of our action C. For the actual result of our action D. For people's understandings of our actions

Question 29

How does the idea of natural law contribute to the idea of natural rights?

Question 30

According to Kant, what is the main problem with the Golden Rule?

Question 31

What does it mean for ecocentrists to regard a tree or a fish a a moral patient?

Question 32

Which of the following is not a necessary component of a moral dilemma? A. There are moral reasons for you to choose each of the actions B. You only have the ability to perform some of the actions, which makes choosing easier C. You cannot perform all the actions and have to choose which actions to perform D. You are presented with two or more actions

Question 33

Virtue ethics helps us determine:

Question 34

According to utilitarianism, which of the following is not an intrinsic good? A. Love B. Pleasure C. Justice D. Power

Question 35

How do we learn virtue?

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a moral dilemma? A. A girl has to decide if she wants a magician, a card reader, or a clown at her birthday party. B. A man is sent to prison for murder C. A man finds out that he has cancer and has to decide if he is going to leave his money to his new wife or his children with his ex-wife. He does not have enough money to do both. D. None of the examples include moral dilemmas

Question 37

Hypothetical imperatives are:

Question 38

Harold is innocent of the crimes he's accused of committing. Yet he knows all of the available evidence will incriminate him. He feels that he needs a lawyer who is willing to be unethical in his defense to prove he is innocent. Harold should most likely hire ___.

Question 39

Which of the following best paraphrases Kant's second form of the categorical imperative? A. Treat others as well as you can without denying yourself what you need B. Treat yourself well but watch out for others also C. Think before you act D. Don't use people unless it is in their best interest

Question 40

Moral "oughts" are all of the following EXCEPT: A. Unconditional B. Necessary C. Supported by laws D. Anchored in the fact that all people are alike as persons

Question 41

According to individual ethical egoism, one should:

Question 42

What makes up the one universal aspect of morality?

Question 43

According to psychological egoism, people:

Question 44

Rule Utilitarianism asks that we consider the consequences of each act ___.

Question 45

Which of the following sayings is commonly used to express cultural relativism? A. "When in Rome, do as Romans do." B. "What comes around goes around." C. "To each his own." D. "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you."

Question 46

Shea firmly believes that all people should tell the truth in every circumstance, with no exceptions. Shea is ___.

Question 47

He argued that all humans should be treated equally because we all have the same basic nature.

Question 48

What makes descriptive ethics different from normative ethics?