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my human bio 2023 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the role of ADH in the maintenance of water balance in the body

A

water concentration of blood plasma decreases/osmotic pressure of the blood increases

osmoreceptors (in hypothalamus) detect decrease in water concentration/increase in osmotic pressure

hypothalamus stimulates posterior pituitary gland 1 to release ADH 1

permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule
(of the nephron) to water is increased

Increased amount of water is reabsorbed into the blood/water concentration of blood plasma increases/osmotic pressure of the 1 blood decreases
Total 6

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2
Q

describe the arrangement of nerve fibre in a nerve

A

nerve fibres are arranged into bundles held together by connective tissue, with multiple bundles joining together to form a nerve

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3
Q

Describe two processes controlled by insulin that ensure the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Include the locations in the body where each process occurs

A

Conversion of glucose to glycogen
In the liver/muscles

Conversion of glucose to lipids/fats
In adipose tissue

Increased uptake of glucose
Body cells

Increased rate of protein synthesis
Body cells

Conversion of glucose to amino acids
In the liver/muscle

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4
Q

Explain what is meant by a selectively advantageous mutation.

A

A change in DNA

Provides a survival advantage (to a particular genotype)

Under particular environmental conditions/selective pressure

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5
Q

Describe how the link between the sickle-cell allele and malaria can lead to changes in the allele frequencies in a population.

A

Malaria reduces reproduction of normal cell individuals

Sickle-cell allele selected for/favoured

Carriers of sickle cell reproduce at greater rates

Sickle cell trait allele combinations increase/allele frequency of sickle cell increases

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6
Q

what is the difference between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and cerebrum

A

the cerebellum is the lobe at the very back of the brain that hangs off

cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebru

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7
Q

what can the cerebral cortex be broken into

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

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8
Q

what is non specific defence

A

immune defence that works against all pathogens, and is the body first line of defence

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9
Q

what are specific defences?

A

are directed at a particular pathogen

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10
Q

what is the oily substance that comes out of the skin

A

sebum

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11
Q

what is ear wax called

A

cerumen

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12
Q

what is a fever

A

an elevation of body temperature, above the normal level of 37

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13
Q

what is inflammation

A

the response to damage to a tissue, involves swelling, heat, pain and redness in the affected area

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14
Q

what is a pyrogen

A

a substance that results in a fever

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15
Q

how does lymph nodes provide non-specific defence

A

each node contain masses of lymph tissue, the cells of which are criss-crossed by a network of fibres. lymph entering the lymph nodes contains cell debris, foreign particles and microorganisms that have penetrated the bodys external defences.

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16
Q

define antigens

A

any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissue

17
Q

what do helper T cells do

A

they will release cytokines that:

attract lymphocytes to the infection site which become semsitised and activated, thus intensifying the response

attract macrophages to the place of infection so that the macrophages can destroy the antigens by phagocytosis

intensify the phagocytic activity of macrophages

promote the action of killer T-cells

18
Q

what do killer T cells do

A

migrate to the site of infection and deal with the invading antige. they attach to the invading cells and secrete a chemical that will destroy the antigen, and then go in search of more antigens

19
Q

what do suppressor T cells do

A

act when the immune activity becomes excessive or the infection has been dealt with successfully. they release substances that inhibit T and B cells activity, slowing down the immune response

20
Q

what is gene therapy

A

gene therapy refers to the treatment of disease by replacing, manipulating or supplementing non-functional genes in the cells and tissue

21
Q

what is a vector

A

a bacterial plasmid, viral phage or other such agents used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another

22
Q

how can mutagens produce mutations

A

Substances that are known to increase the (rate of) changes to DNA

23
Q

how can DNA replication produce mutations

A

Errors during the process that alter DNA code

24
Q

how can cell division produce mutations

A

Errors during the process that alter the genes or chromosomes in daughter cells formed

25
Q

what is inflammation

A

localised non-specifc response to infection and will increase speed of healing/reduce the spread of pathogen

26
Q

what wouldn’t a person not be able to feel certain things

A

not reaching a sufficient intensity

not enough to pass the electrochemical threshold

all or nothing response will not be fired

27
Q

what does an increase up of glucose to the cells due to insulin production do

A

increases cellular respiration

28
Q

how is the adrenal medulla stimulated t release adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

CNS/hypothalamus sends
electrical impulses
travels along the
ANS/sympathetic pathways

29
Q

what is it called when you live in trees

A

arboreal

30
Q

what is it called when you live on the grounds

A

terristal

31
Q

what is dorsal root

A

Contains axons of sensory neurons that have their cell bodies in a small swelling known as the dorsal root ganglion.

32
Q

what is ventricle root

A

Contain the axons of motor neurons that have their cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

33
Q

what is thallassemia

A

people with thalassemia have less haemogoblin in their red blood cells and therefore cannot carry as much oxygen in their blood

34
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid located

A

within the arachnoid layer

my human bio 2023 (32 decks)

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