questions from textbook

Question 1

name and describe the centres located in the medulla oblongata

Answer 1

respiratory- controls the rate and depth of breathing
cardiac centre- regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat
vasometer centre- regulates the diameter of blood vessels

Question 2

what structures make up the peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

nerve fibres that carry information to and from the CNS

groups of nerve cell bodies, called ganglia, which lie outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

what are mixed nerves

Answer 3

Mixed nerves are nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers within a single nerve bundle.

Question 4

what is the dorsal root?

Answer 4

one of the two roots that link a spinal nerve to the spinal cord: located towards the back of the body and contains axons of sensory neurons

Question 5

what is the dorsal root ganglia

Answer 5

a group of nerve cell bodies located in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve

Question 6

what is the ventral root

Answer 6

one of the two roots that link a spinal nerve to the spinal cord: located towards the front of the body and contains axons of motor neurons

Question 7

set point

Answer 7

in a feedback system, the level at which a variable is to be maintained

Question 8

tolerance limit

Answer 8

the limit of factors such as temperature and fluid balance beyond which the body malfunctions

Question 9

what is glycogenesis

Answer 9

the process whereby glucose molecules are chemically combined in long chains to form glycogen molecules

Question 10

glycogenolysis

Answer 10

the process of converting glycogen back to glucose

Question 11

gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

the process of producing glucose molecules from lipids and amino acids

Question 12

what are the hormones secreted from the adrenal glands

Answer 12

adrenal cortex- glucocorticoids (cortisol)
adrenal medulla- adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 13

what do glucocorticoids (cortisol) do

Answer 13

stimulate the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver

stimulate protein breakdown in muscles and conversion of amino acids into glucose in the liver

Question 14

what do adrenaline and noradrenaline do

Answer 14

stimulate the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and release of glucose into the blood

Question 15

what is metabolic rate

Answer 15

the rate at which energy is released to the body by the breakdown of food

Question 16

why is the skin such an important organ in regulating body temperature

Answer 16

because it is a large surface area and is located between the internal and external environment. heat can also be lost from the skin by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation

Question 17

other than sweating, what other modes of evaporation occur in the body

Answer 17

water that is evaporated from the lungs and respiratory passage

Question 18

which is more dangerous- heat stroke or heat exhaustion, explain why

Answer 18

heat stroke is more dangerous because when temperature and humidity are high, it is difficult for the body to lose heat by radiation or evaporation. in this case, body temperature rises and the regulatory mechanisms cease.

Question 19

what is recombinant DNA technology

Answer 19

the procedure used to produce recombinant DNA. involves introducing DNA into a cell from a different type of organism or DNA that has been modified in some way.

Question 20

what is a GMO

Answer 20

an organism produced by genetic engineering

Question 21

what is a plasmid

Answer 21

in a bacterial cell, small circular strands of DNA distinct from the main bacterial genome, composed of only a few genes and able to replicate independently within the cells

Question 22

what is a vector

Answer 22

a bacterial plasmid, viral phage or other such agent used to transfer genetic material from one cell to another.

Question 23

draw and label DNA

Answer 23

check book

Question 24

DNA ligase

Answer 24

an enzyme capable of combining two small components of single-strand DNA into one single structure.

Question 25

explain why it is possible for an organism of one species to use a gene from another species to produce a protein

Answer 25

because the genetic code is universal across all living organisms. This means that the same genetic code is used by all living things to convert the information in DNA into the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins. For example, the codon AUG codes for the amino acid methionine in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.

Question 26

explain the importance of complementary bases with respect to inserting a fragment of DNA into a vector

Answer 26

it ensures that the fragment is inserted in the correct orientation and location within the vector, allowing for proper functioning and expression of the transferred genetic material. the vector is cut with a restriction enzyme, creating a sticky end with a specific sequence of nucleotides, and the foreign DNA fragment is cut with the same enzyme, resulting in a complementary sticky end.

Question 27

what does dorsal mean

Answer 27

back

Question 28

what does ventral mean

Answer 28

front

Question 29

explain how a decrease in the thyroid gland will cause unexplained weight gain

Answer 29

Insulin resistance means the patient is still producing insulin, but their body cells are not responding to it Glucose remains in the blood and is either converted into fat/ lipogenesis is stimulated the glucose is excreted from the urine results in less energy expenditure / a decrease in cellular respiration

Question 30

explain how a decrease in the thyroid gland will cause fatigue

Answer 30

Thyroxine regulates basal metabolic rate Without a thyroid gland, the basal metabolic rate decreases the patient has less energy / ATP available

Question 31

explain how a decrease in the thyroid gland will cause an intolerance to cold

Answer 31

Heat energy is released from some of the chemical reactions stimulated by thyroxine The decrease in thyroxine / basal metabolic rate result in a reduction of body heat

Question 32

explain some of the side effects that synthetic hormones produce

Answer 32

not identical to normal (human) hormones. they can have a slight difference in molecules structure can be difficult to administer correct dose for individuals

Question 33

where is the cerebrospinal fluid found in the brian

Answer 33

a space between the middle and inner layers of the meninges. it also circulates through cavities in the brain

Question 34

what are bactericidal

Answer 34

change the structure of the cell wall/membrane/disrupt action of essential enzymes/disrupt metabolic pathways destroy the pathogen

Question 35

what are bacteriostatic

Answer 35

prevent reproduction/inhibit growth disrupting protein synthesis

Question 36

Describe the steps involved in producing the functioning bacterial cell that can be used to make synthetic insulin.

Answer 36

Cut out required gene using restriction enzyme Bacterial plasmid/DNA removed from bacterial cell Bacterial plasmid/DNA cut with the same restriction enzyme Gene (for human insulin) inserted into bacterial plasmid/DNA Recombinant plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell