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1
Q

Links between exposure and outcome

A

Needs sufficient studies done in diverse settings

Judge findings against framework to see if it’s causal

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2
Q

Bradford Hill Framework

A

Temporality, Strength of association, reversibility, biological gradient, biological plausibility, consistency, specified

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3
Q

Epidemiological Triad

A

Host
Environment
Agent

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4
Q

Deterministic and Probabilistic

A

A causes B
A Inc chance of B occurring

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5
Q

L1 Dahlgren Model

A

Individual - lifestyle, values, social groups
Habitus - learned all the above

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6
Q

L2

A

Community - family influence, local community, social networks
Social capital - value of social networks that facilitates bonds between similar groups of ppl

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7
Q

L3

A

Environment- physical, built, cultural, biological, ecosystem, political

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8
Q

Natural capital

A

Natural environment

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9
Q

Human capital

A

People skills, knowledge physical and mental health. Enables people to work study in society

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10
Q

Social capital

A

Norms and values - trust , maori crown relationship, cultural identity and connections between people

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11
Q

Financial

A

Houses roads buildings hospitals factors vehicles. Makes up physical and financial assets

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12
Q

What’s socio economic position

A

Social and economic factors that influence what position people hold within structure of society

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13
Q

Measures of SEP

A

Quantify level of inequality in societies
Highlights changes in pop structures
Understand relationship - health and other variables (age sex ethnicity)

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14
Q

SEP for individuals

A

Education income occupation housing assets / wealth

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15
Q

SEP for populations

A

Area measures - deprivation, access
Pop measures - income inequality, literacy rate, GDP

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16
Q

What’s deprivation

A

State of observable disadvantage to local community

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17
Q

Health inequities

A

Diff in distribution of resources that don’t reflect health needs

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18
Q

Why reduce inequities

A

Unfair
Avoidable
Affect everyone
Cost effective

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19
Q

Implications of income inequities

A

Unequal society
Less social cohesion
Less trust
Inc stress
Poorer health outcomes

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20
Q

Strategies used by industries

A

Focusing on youth, individual problem behaviour, being part of solution, corporate social responsibility

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21
Q

Constituency building

A

Promoting efforts beyond core business
Partnering with charities or health foundations

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22
Q

Policy substitution

A

Partnering with government
Contributing to health policy consultations

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23
Q

Availability

A

Relationship of volume and type of existing services to clients volume and type of needs

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24
Q

Accomodation

A

Relationship between manner in which supply resources are organised and expectation of client

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25
Acceptability
Relationship between clients and providers attitudes to what constitutes appropriate care
26
Accessibility
Relationship between location of supply and location of clients
27
Affordability
Cost of provider services in relation to clients ability to pay for service
28
What is maori health exemplified by systematic disparities In:
Health outcomes Exposures to determinants of health Health system responsiveness Representation in health workforce
29
Lessons from titanic - interventions
Structural - more lifeboats no barriers Social - rights based approach Not aimed at individual behaviour
30
Determinants of ethnic inequities in health
Differential access to health determinants Differential access to health care Difference in quality of care received
31
Land alienation
Associated with social disruption of community breakdown of political power
32
What did Polynesian panthers do
Legal aid book and human rights Rent strikes Homework centres Prison visits Community programs
33
Institutionalised racism
Unearned privilege, structural barriers, societal norms
34
Main data source for epidemiology
Census Other sources - vital events HSU IDI
35
IDI benefits and risks
De-identified, definitions vary from study to study Resource is only as good as data it contains
36
Vital events affecting structure
Change in fertility rates, adult mortality rate, migration has dramatic effect
37
Advantages of prioritised output and disadvantages
Ensure where ethnic groups aren’t swamped out by nz European ethnic group Produces data that’s easy to work with sum adds up to NZ population Places people in specific ethnic group that simplifies yet biases resulting statistics as it over represents some groups at expense of others
38
Total response output adavtage and disadvantages
Potential to represent people who don’t identify with any ethnic group creates complexities in monitoring ethnic composition
39
Numerical ageing
Absolute increase in elderly population
40
Structural ageing
Increase in proportion of population that is elderly
41
Natural decline of population
More deaths than births
42
Absolute decline of population
Insufficient Migration to replace lost births and increased deaths
43
Population structure
By age and sex
44
Population composition
By other attributes
45
Ecological fallacy
Error that arises when info about groups of ppl is used to make inferences about individuals
46
Employment
Degree to which working age ppl are excluded from employment
47
Income
Captures full extent of income deprivation by measuring state funded financial assistance to those with insufficient income
48
Crime
Measures risk of personal and material victimisations
49
Housing
People living in housing and rented accomodation
50
Health
High level of ill health or mortality
51
Education
Captures youth disengagement and proportion of working age without formal qualification
52
Access
Measures cost and inconvenience of travelling to access basic services
53
Healthy environment
Physical social or political setting that prevents disease which enhancing human health and well being
54
Elements of healthy environment
Clean air and water, access to wholesome foods, safe community spaces, access to transport, opportunities to incorporate exercise as part of daily life
55
Built environment
Urban - parks business areas and roads above ground and below - electric transmission lines, subway trains Motorways and transportation networks
56
Street connectivity
Grid like patter that reduces distance to destination encouraging active transport
57
Traffic calming
Street width, cycle lanes, traffic management pedestrian crossing Encourages walking and discourages driving
58
Mix of residential commercial and business uses
Diff use of land in a given zone Inc opportunity for active transport
59
Public open spaces and physical activity spaces
Open spaces in places close to residents Inc opportunities for physical activity
60
SDGs
Global call to end poverty protect planet and improve lives of everyone
61
Volume
Computing capacity required to store and analyse data
62
Velocity
Speed at which data is created and analysed
63
Variety
Diff types of data sources available
64
Veracity
Accuracy of data
65
Variability
Consistency of data
66
Value
Cost required to do analysis
67
OC enable
Provide opportunities to make healthy choices through info skills and environment
68
OC advocate
Create favourable environments by promoting equity in health
69
OC mediate
Bring together groups to work together for promotion of health

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