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Exam 2 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Visualisation

A

Use of techniques to communicate patterns

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2
Q

What’s IDI

A

Research database that contains micro data about people and households

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3
Q

Population based strategy

A

Focuses on whole population and improve health of all individuals. Useful for common disease

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4
Q

Individual strategy

A

Focuses on individuals of high risk and their concerns

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5
Q

Advantages of mass and individual strategy

A

Large benefit on whole population and addresses underlying causes

Cost effective use of resources and favourable benefit to risk ratio

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6
Q

Disadvantage of mass and individual strategy

A

Small benefit to individuals and whole pop is exposed to downside of strateg

Cost of screening, temporary effect, inappropriate

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7
Q

Health promotion

A

Acts on determinants of well-being

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8
Q

Charter acknowledges that health is

A

A right
Opportunity for good health should be equally available
Requires both individual and collective responsibility

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9
Q

Ottawa charter 3 strats

A

Enable advocate mediate

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10
Q

Enable

A

To provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices through access to information

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11
Q

Advocate

A

To create favourable political economic environment by promoting health

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12
Q

Mediate

A

To bring together individuals groups with opposing interest to work together

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13
Q

Five priority, action areas

A

Develop personal skills
Strengthen community action
Create supportive environments
Reorient health services toward primary healthcare
Build healthy public policy

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14
Q

Health wellbeing

A

Acts on determinants of well-being

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15
Q

Disease

A

Ways of preventing incidents, prevalence, risk, factors or impacts

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16
Q

Environmental hazards

A

Risk management monitoring, risk, occupational health

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17
Q

Mauriora

A

Access to Te Ao Maori
Work with communities

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18
Q

Waiora

A

Environmental protection promote smoke free spaces

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19
Q

Toiora

A

Healthy lifestyles, smoke free programs

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20
Q

Te Oranga

A

Participation in society, advocate to improve education

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21
Q

2 prerequisites

A

Nga Manakura - leadership
Te Amana Whakahaere - autonomy
Capacity for self governance

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22
Q

Screening criteria

A

Suitable disease, screening, test, treatment, screening program

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23
Q

Lead time bias

A

Apparent increase in life expectancy

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24
Q

Length time bias

A

Calculating, mean survival, give us impression of a longer average survival

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25
Descriptive evidence
Who is most/least affected
26
Explanatory evidence
What are the determinants? Why are we getting worse/better why are populations different?
27
Attributable risk
Amount of extra disease
28
Modifiable risk factors of breast counter identified for NZ woman
High alcohol intake, obesity, lack of physical exercise
29
Reasons for GBD project
Data focuses on deaths and less on disability Data from many countries were incomplete Lobby groups give distorted image on which problems are most important
30
Gains of DALY
draw attention to mental health problems as it was a hidden burden Recognise that NCDs are increasing problem in low and middle income countries
31
DALY challenges
Criticised as labels people with disabilities as burdens Disability weights reflect severity of health condition without taking external factors into account
32
Medical model of disability
Regards disability as individual problem Disabled ppl defined by illness Promotes person as needing to be cured
33
Social model of disability
Disability no longer seen as individual problem but as social issue caused by policies etc. Focuses on ridding barriers rather than curing
34
Consequences of obesity
Metabolic diseases, mechanical disorders, physiological problems, social consequences
35
Obesogenic environment
Sum of influences that surroundings have on promoting obesity
36
Food industry
Products placement price promotion
37
Government
Laws policies health promotion
38
Society
Cuisines cultural and religious values
39
Ultra processed food supply
Heavily promoted, readily available, cheap, highly profitable
40
Mediators of obesity patterns (factors through which system operates)
Food availability, prices, food composition
41
Moderators of obesity patterns (factors that accentuate trend)
Culture, cuisine, religion
42
Obesity prevention policies
Tax on sugar drinks Junk food marketing to kids Healthy school lunches Packet labelling Healthy food policies
43
Implementing food policies
Not enough pressure from public Industry opposition Political timidity
44
What role does commercial sector play in NCD epidemic
Creates uneven distribution of risks
45
Address commercial determinants of NCD and health inequalities
Shift focus from individual to broader and upstream drivers Tackle upstream determinants Develop effective policy
46
Mitigation
Avoid overwhelming healthcare system
47
Suppression
Reduce negative health impacts
48
Eradication
Reduce to 0 at global level permanently
49
NZ initial response
Protect pacific countries Protect vulnerable Protect health care system Protect economy
50
Channels
Relevant accessible trustworthy
51
Message
Appropriate, codesigned, tested
52
Messenger
Trusted, credible
53
What worked for NZ
Agility, leadership, ppl across healthcare, communication
54
What we know abt HIV
Several modes of transmission Cheap reliable screening tests Caused by virus No vaccine
55
Global HIV trends
Heterosexual transmission Younger ppl
56
High risk HIV groups
Injecting drug users Babies born to HIV mothers Ppl reciecing organs or injections
57
Transmission of HIV
Unprotected sex Blood borne Mother to child transmission Unsterilised needles
58
Upstream determinants of HIV
Stigma and discrimination Not disclosing HIV status SA Rules negotiating condom use Early skl dropout Lower access to health services
59
Address determinants of HIV
Change norms Improve access to health services Educate men Enable education opportunities Safer sex Safer products Inc healthcare
60
Food in climate change
Change to plant based food as lower emissions, effective land use, less water pollution
61
Overall climate goals
Cleaner air, water, diets, healthy homes, active transport
62
Rihht to health - respect
No discrimination
63
Right to health - protect
No interference from 3rd partu
64
Right to health fulfil
Adopt measures to achieve equity
65
Right to health NZ
Everyone has human rights Indigenous ppl havnt fully realised rights Declaration seeks to help full realisation of rights
66
Inverse care law
availability of good medical care varies inversely with need for it
67
Personally mediated racism Perceived ethnicity
Prejudice based on race Ethnicity one is perceived to be
68
Snowflake
Inc monitoring by parents Stress by parents Overprotection and low resilience
69
Igen
Social media, internet, phonea
70
Doomer
Job insecurity, climate crisis, house affordability
71
Whats in Biosphere
climate action, life below water, clean water, sanitation
72
Whats in Economy (b)
work and growth, reduced inequality, industry consumption
73
strength of association
stronger associated = more causal
74
Reversibility
change of exposure = change in outcome
75
biological gradient
rate changes with change in exposure
76
specificity
1 cause = 1 effect

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