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biology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell membrane

A

-selectively permeable
-universal phenomenon
-evolutionary old
-very successful

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2
Q

Phospholipid

A

3- C chain w 2 fatty acids and a choline group

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3
Q

What moves easily across the cell membrane?

A

lipids and small neutral molecules

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4
Q

What doesn’t need help of proteins to move across the cell membrane? (specific)

A

O2, CO2, H2O

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

35% proteins, 60% phospholipids, 5% other

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6
Q

glycoprotein

A

-cell signaling
-sugars bonded to proteins

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7
Q

glycolipid

A
  • self recognition, white blood cells
    -sugar bonded to lipid
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8
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

-1972
-Singer and Nicolson

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9
Q

aquaporins

A

channel like proteins that let in water

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10
Q

diffusion

A

moving from higher to lower concentration

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11
Q

solute

A

being dissolved

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12
Q

solvent

A

doing dissolving

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13
Q

Lab w/ food color diffusing

A

-used phenolphthalein in bottle and vinegar (acid) in dialysis tube
- vinegar leaves bag, phenolphthalein turned clear

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14
Q

How fast do lighter food colors diffuse compared to darker food colors and why?

A

-lighter, quicker
-darker, longer (because it’s a larger molecule)

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15
Q

dialysis tube vs. cell membrane

A

-semi permeable
- in/out based on size
- nonliving

-selectively permeable
-in/out based on size and charge
-living

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16
Q

tonicity

A

amount of stuff in certain amount of liquid

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17
Q

concentration gradient

A

more concentrated to less concentrated

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18
Q

passive transport

A

2 compounds moving on their own using no energy

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19
Q

What compounds use passive transport?

A

lipids, small neutral molecules (O2, H2O, CO2)

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20
Q

Where is passive transport essential?

A

kidneys and lungs

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21
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water from high water concentration to low water concentration

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22
Q

hypertonic

A

more stuff, less H2O

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23
Q

hypotonic

A

less stuff, more H2O

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24
Q

Plant cell in isotonic solution

A

loses structure, may wilt

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25
animal cell in isotonic solution
nothing will happen
26
animal cell in hypertonic solution
will shrivel/shrink
27
plant cell in hypertonic solution
plasmolysis (loss of water)
28
animal cell in hypotonic solution
bursts
29
plant cell in hypotonic solution
becomes turgid
30
turgidity
grown inflated and rigid
31
Facilitated diffusion
-uses transport proteins
32
3 types of passive transport
simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion
33
What is ATP's full name? What is it? What is it made of?
-adenosine triphosphate - nucleic acid - n-base adenine, sugar ribose, chain of 3 phosphates
34
Sodium potassium pump
maintains gradient of sodium and potassium ions across neuronal membrane
35
How do the concentration of K+ and Na+ compare in animal cells?
high concentration of potassium/ lower concentration of sodium
36
sodium potassium pump in animal cells
uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ out/ 2 K+ in
37
How is ATP made?
energy from catabolism -> ATP -> energy from cellular work -> ADP+P
38
autotrophs
producers
39
heterotrophs
consumers
40
chemoautotroph
oxidize inorganic substrates for food -some bacteria (hostile environments)
41
What is an oxidation-reduction rxn?
transfer of energy from one substance to another, allows for the release of energy
42
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6CO2+ 6H2O + 38ATP
43
OIL RIG
oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
44
What did we conclude from the Yeast lab?
glucose oxidized the best then fructose because they are simple sugars
45
What do enzymes do?
they catalyze rxns and don't get destroyed
46
How enzymes work?
empty active site (has diff shapes for specificity)
47
substrate
molecules on which enzyme acts
48
What is Hexokinase and what does it do?
-first enzyme in cellular respiration to start working -attaches phosphate to glucose from ATP kicking glucose out with the phosphate group
49
What are the steps in cellular respiration?
1. glycolysis 1.5 prep phase 2. krebs cycle 3. electron transport
50
What are the inputs and outputs in Glycolysis?
inputs: -2 ATP -glucose -2 NAD outputs: -2 ATP -2 NADH -2 pyruvic acid
51
Where does Glycolysis occur?
cytosol of the cell
52
Does glycolysis need oxygen?
glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
53
Glycolysis in detail
-breakdown of glucose - cell spends 2 e-, breaking glucose into 2 3-C phosphates, NAD+ steals e- and turns into NADH and another phosphate attaches to it, enzyme strips phosphate group adding it to ADP producing ATP
54
pre-phase for krebs cycle
pyruvic acid loses carbon-> later becomes CO2 to make acetic acid -pyruvic acid has to be attached to enzyme A to enter Krebs -produces more NAD+ into NADH -turns into acetyl-coA
55
prep phase inputs and outputs
outputs: 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA
56
Krebs cycle
-4 C molecule ready to accept acetic acid -acetyl co A-> Krebs-> losing coenzyme -acetic acid broken down-> 2 CO2
57
krebs cycle
inputs: ADP+P, 3 NAD+, FAD outputs: 2 CO2, ATP, 3 NADH, FADH2
58
Electron Transport
-protein complexes take NADH and NAD+ -other complexes only take FADH2 and FAD -give up e- right dragging hydrogen up with them - H powers ATP synthase producing ATP -O2 keeps e- flowing, also forms H2O
59
How many H do NADH and FADH?
1 NADH-> 3 H 1 FADH2 -> 2 H
60
What are some poisons that affect C.R and how?
-cyanide, CO, and oxide (blocks transfer of e- in O2) -arsenic (no ATP produced in glycolysis) -rotenone (blocks 1st step of ETS)
61
What is photosynthesis?
photosynthesis captures light and converts it into energy
62
what is the major site in photosynthesis?
leaves
63
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O->C6H12O6+6O2 sunlight
64
Where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts
65
Why are plants green?
the green wavelength of light is reflected
66
What is the thylakoid?
site of light dependent reactions, where chlorophyll is
67
What is the stroma?
cytoplasm inside chloroplasts surrounding thylakoid, site of Calvin cycle
68
Where are chloroplasts?
mainly in the mesophyll cells
69
What happens in the stomata/stoma and where is it located and why is it located where it is?
-where gas exchange occurs - underside of leaf so no direct sunlight, reduces evaporation
70
What do leaf veins do?
moves water, minerals, and sugars
71
What makes up leaf veins and what do they do?
xylem- moves water, minerals phloem- moves sugars
72
What is the granum?
stack of thylakoids
73
Why does the stoma have guard cells?
to stop gas exchange and begin gas exchange
74
What are monocots and dicots?
monocots- parallel veins dicots- web like veins
75
What occurs in photosystem 2 and in where?
-isolated in the chlorophyll -light breaks water molecules and steals e- also exciting them
76
What connects photosystem 1 and 2?
the electron transport chain
77
What occurs in Photosystem 1?
-electrons from photosystem 2 are re-excited by light -NAD+ takes e- to make NADP -build up of H+ ions powers ATP synthase making ATP from ADP+P
78
How is water used in the photosystem process?
water used to supply missing e- to chlorophyll
79
What is the electron acceptor in the Calvin cycle?
RuBP
80
What are the inputs and outputs in the Calvin cycle?
inputs: 3 CO2 outputs: 6 G3P, need 12 to make glucose molecule
81
Where does most O2 from the earth come from?
blue green bacteria
82
Describe the process of the Calvin cycle.
starts with a 3 RuBP molecule (5-C molecule) -3 CO2 input added to each RuBP making 3 6-C molecules -enzymes break them making 6 3-C molecules (PGA) -with E/ 6 PGA rearranged into 6 G3P -one G3P kicked out, other 5 our rearranged and reused as 3 RuBP -6 G3P becomes glucose molecules
83
What are ectotherms?
internal body temp. can't be controlled (amphibians, reptiles, insects)
84
What are endotherms?
can maintain constant internal body temp. regardless of temp. of their environ (mammals)

biology 101 (5 decks)

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