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hour examination Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 criteria of life?

A
  1. growth/development
  2. reproduction
  3. evolution
  4. homeostasis
  5. built of cells
  6. sense/response to stimuli
  7. metabolism
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2
Q

What is biology?

A

the study of life

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3
Q

Do Individuals evolve?

A

species evolve not individuals (populations continue on beyond an individual’s lifespan)

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4
Q

What is the main source of energy across organisms?

A
  1. glucose
  2. fats
  3. proteins
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5
Q

What is DNA? What does it do?

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid, double helix in the nucleus of the cell, genetic map (tells the body when to produce things)

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6
Q

What are the two types of metabolic reactions?

A

anabolic- build things better
catabolic- break things down (cats)

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7
Q

Are viruses alive? Why or why not?

A

not alive but have potential when they take over the cell; no cells

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8
Q

When glucose is broken down for energy, what two byproducts are synthesized?

A

carbon dioxide, water, ATP

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9
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. observation
  2. question
  3. hypothesis- testable statement (if…then)
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10
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

a testable statement (if… then)

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11
Q

What is an experimental control?

A

no variables (Francisco Redi 1668)

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12
Q

Why is having a control important?

A

It gives the scientists something to compare their results to

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13
Q

Who was the first person to use an experimental control?

A

francisco redi

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14
Q

What scientific question did Francesco Redi investigate?

A

spontaneous generation

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15
Q

What type of experiment did he do?

A

francisco redi performed with meat in sealed and open containers

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16
Q

What was his major contribution to the scientific method?

A

first controlled experiment

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17
Q

What were his control and experimental groups?

A

his experimental groups were the open containers and control were sealed containers

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18
Q

What did he conclude?

A

biogenesis

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19
Q

Why did we use multiple mealworms in the experiment instead of one?

A

to compare the carbon dioxide output (to identify a trend)

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20
Q

Why did multiple lab tables measure CO2 output in live and dead mealworms?

A

for comparisons

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21
Q

What did we measure in the mealworm lab?

A

CO2 output in parts per million

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22
Q

What are the units for this measure?

A

parts per million

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23
Q

What were our control and experimental groups in the mealworm experiment?

A

dead- control
alive- experimental

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24
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

not just some potential explanation of phenomenon. rigorously developed/tested/challenged/reviewed/scrutinized

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25
What is the PH scale? What is its range?
measures acidity, 0-14 (acidic-basic)
26
What ions are in high concentration in an acidic solution? A basic solution?
acid-H+ base- OH-
27
Where is water on the PH scale?
7
28
What is a solute, solvent, and solution?
solute- solid dissolved into liquid solvent- liquid capable of dissolving a substance solution- homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
29
Who discovered cells? What instrument?
Robert Hook, microscope
30
What are the main tenets of cell theory?
-cells come from preexisting cells -all CHOL
31
What are the two main type of microscopes? How do they differ?
SEM- 3-d TEM- 2-d, internal ultrastructure of cell
32
What is resolving power?
measures clarity
33
What is the relationship b/t magnification and resolving power?
1 gets worse, other gets better (inversely related)
34
Smallest things we can see with a light microscope?
individual cells
35
Smallest things we can see with an electron microscope?
large molecule
36
microscope parts and what they're used for
microscope parts
37
How do we find the total mag power of a microscope?
(Mag power of ocular lens) (mag power of objective lens)
38
Where are they found and what do they do? -cell wall -cell membrane -central vacuole -chloroplast -nucleus -cytoplasm
- plant cells, rigidity and turgidity - animal and plant, selectively permeable -plant cells, stores waste, water, defense compounds, proteins, and inorganic ions -plant cells, photosynthesis - animal and plant, directs production of many compounds in the cell -animal and plant, support
39
What was the purpose of using iodine and methylene blue in the microscope lab?
they stained the cells allowing for better visualization of them
40
What is a molecule made of? How are its subparts joined?
atoms, covalent bonds
41
What are atoms made of?
p,n,e
42
What is the most important atom to life?
carbon
43
What are the 4 key elements that make up the vast majority of living matter?
COHN
44
How many bonds does carbon form?
4
45
What type of bonds does carbon often form?
covalent bonds
46
What type of atom does carbon often bond with?
hydrogen
47
What is a covalent bond?
when 2 atoms share electrons
48
What are macromolecules?
molecule that may contain thousands of atoms
49
4 types of macromolecules
carbs, nucleic acids, lipids, proteins
50
What 3 macromolecule type do animals deliberately eat as food?
carbs, proteins, lipids
51
What 3 macromolecule types does the body store?
carbs, lipids, proteins
52
What 3 macromolecule types form polymers?
carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
53
What are polymers? monomers?
polymers - chained monomers monomer- can be bonded to form polymers
54
What is a compound?
substance consisting of 2 or more molecules
55
How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides usually have?
5-6
56
2 monosaccharides
glucose and fructose
57
How is a disaccharide synthesized? What are each of their monomers?
dehydrated glucose and fructose maltose- 2 glucose lactose- galactose and glucose sucrose- glucose and fructose
58
How is a polysaccharide synthesized? What is it made up of?
2 or more monomers of sugar
59
What are 2 main functions of polysaccharides?
energy storage building materials for cells
60
What are 4 polysaccharides? function? organism? where they're found?
starch- plants cellulose glycogen- muscle cells and liver (animals) chitin- exoskeleton of insects
61
What is an indicator solution?
change color when detecting some compound
62
Indicator solution? Test for?
Iodine- starch benedict's sol- simple sugars sudan III- lipids ninhydrin- amino acids biuret- peptide bonds
63
Insoluble? Hydrophobic? Hydrophilic?
can't be dissolved repels from water reacts w/ water
64
two main sources of lipids?
oils and fats
65
major building block of lipids?
fatty acids
66
Triglyceride?
1 glyceride and 3 fatty acid chains
67
What is a fatty acid chain composed of?
CH2
68
Triglyceride and water relationship?
1 triglyceride= 3 water molecules
69
3 main functions of lipids?
cushions vital organs long term energy storage insulation
70
What part of a lipid does sudan III dye react with?
stains CH2 groups of lipids
71
What are phospholipids? How are they made?
major components of cell membrane, 2 fatty acid chains and choline group
72
Why are phospholipids important to the cell?
major components of the cell membrane
73
What type of macromolecule is a steroid?
lipid
74
What is the basic structure of a steroid?
lipids w/ c skeleton consisting of 4 fused carbon rings
75
Steroid molecule example
cholesterol
76
How is cholesterol involved in the cell membrane?
anchors phospholipids
77
Protein functions
build muscles, immune response, storage, movement, defense, transport, support
78
Building blocks of proteins
amino acids
79
3 main parts of amino acids
amino group carboxyl group side group (20 diff)
80
How many diff amino acids are there?
20
81
What type of bond joins 2 A.A.
peptide bond
82
When performing the ninhydrin test, why was it important to hold the filter paper with forceps instead of your hands?
it would detect the A.A in fingerprints
83
What are two major categories of proteins? give ex.
enzyme structural- hemoglobin
84
what is an enzyme?
allow reactions to go to completion
85
How are proteins structured?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
86
What is biuret?
indicator sol. pos test= prescence of peptide bond
87
What is a colorimeter?
device that measures the transmittance and absorbance of light thru a substance
88
What is the relationship between absorbance and the amount of protein in a solution?
higher the protein, higher absorbance and vice versa

biology 101 (5 decks)

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