Exam 2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Animals have what kind of fat?
A
saturated
2
Q
Plants have what kind of fat?
A
unsaturated
exception; fish oils tend to be unsat
3
Q
palm oil has the
A
highest saturated fat content
4
Q
cocoa butter is an example of
A
a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fats
- solid at room temp and liquid at body temp
5
Q
atherosclerosis
A
lipid containing deposits = plaques that build up in blood vessels
6
Q
C=C /
A
trans fat (greatest risk of atherosclerosis)
7
Q
add H to C=C (unsat fats) and it converts to (this is called?)
A
unsaturated fats to saturated fats this process is called hydrogenation
8
Q
polyunsaturated fats
A
fatty acids w C=C3 carbons away from end
omega 3 fatty acids
fish oils, walnuts
protects against cancer and improves cardiovascular health
9
Q
steroids characteristic structure
A
of 4 fused rings
10
Q
cholesterol is a
A
steroid that is a precursor for steroid synthesis
synthesized in liver, obtained in diet, common in animal cell membranes for fluidity
a chemical that is transformed into another compound, as in the course of a chemical reaction, and therefore precedes that compound in the synthetic pathway: Cholesterol is a precursor of testosterone
11
Q
estradiol
A
type of estrogen that is a steroid
12
Q
testosterone
A
male-sex hormone that is a steroid
13
Q
proteins are polymers of
A
of amino acids
14
Q
characteristics of proteins
A
great diversity in structure and function
provides support
movement
provides amino acids for growth
helps transport substances
15
Q
amino acid monomers are covalently joined in _____ that form a ___
A
dehydration reactions that form a peptide bond
16
Q
carboxyl group donates
A
donates -OH
17
Q
amino group donates
A
donates -H
18
Q
oligopeptide
A
short chain <20
19
Q
polypeptide (size)
A
long chains >100
20
Q
one protein structure
A
one polypeptide in its properly folded form
21
Q
the carboxyl and amino group are bonded by a
A
peptide bond
22
Q
the amino, which ends in amine (H) is also called the
A
n-terminus
23
Q
the carboxyl group is also called the
A
c-terminus
+129
24
Q
hydrophobic side chains
A
mostly C and H, exclude water
interior of protein and domains crossing cell membranes
25
polar side chains
hydrophobic
26
electrically charged side chains at pH of
7
acidic side chains (- charge)
basic side chains (+ charge)
27
transmissible spongiform encephalophathies (TSE)
fatal neurodivergent disease in mammals
28
prion
proteinaceous infectious particles; miss folded protein, transmitted through eating contaminated brain meat
29
DNA and RNA are both classified as
polymers of nucleotides used to transmit information
30
DNA
double stranded helical molecule that carries heritable material, genes are transcribable information used to synthesize a complementary RNA deoxyribonucleic acid
31
RNA
single stranded nucleic with a variety of functions
ribonucleic acid
32
Structure of RNA and DNA
(what's the difference)
Phosphate group—sugar (deoxy/ribos)—nitrogenous base
Both are double helix with anti-parallel strands
RNA (A, G, C, U)
DNA (A, G, T, C)
33
Base Pairing
hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases in opposite strands
A=T
G=C (three pairings)
34
sickle cell
mutation disease inherited affecting red blood cells
anemia, pain crises, peripheral swelling, reduced life span
35
What is biologically happening in sickle cell?
RBC shape causes it to be less flexible and therefore transport less oxygen
in normal cell protein do not associate with each other, in sickle cell the proteins aggregate into a fiber
36
lactase is the enzyme that breaks lactose down -ase stands for
enzyme
lactose tolerance is inherited
37
Cell Theory; originally formed in the ___ by Schleiden and Schwann
19th century
the cell is the smallest living unit of life
all living things are made of cells
all cells come from other pre-existing cells
38
Main ideas in the cell theory are that;
energy flow occurs within cells
heritable info is based down from cell to cell
cells utilize similar classes of biomolecules
39
prokaryotes, bacteria, and archea are
unicellular
can form stable aggregates
40
eukaryotes
unicellular (protozoa, single celled algae and fungi)
multicellular (some algae, some fungi, plants and animals)
human body has trillions (10^12) of cells
41
plasma membranes function
semipermeable lipid and protein barrier organizing interior
42
cytosol function
semifluid, jelly like substance, holds ribosomes, fills cell
43
chromosomes function
DNA polymers carrying genetic information with structural proteins
44
ribosomes function
platforms composed of proteins and rRNA that are used for translation (protein synthesis)
45
What parts of the cell are in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
46
difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, are more complex and have linear chromosomes
prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, and must have at least one circular chromosome
47
phospholipid is made out of
hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
48
plasma membrane is composed of
a phospholipid bilayer with attached and embedded proteins
it is selectively permeable- semi-permeable depending on surface area and volume which effects cell size
49
ribosomes consist of
2 subunits, large subunit and small subunit
composed of proteins and amino acids
pro-eukaryotic ribosomes have different compositions and different sizes
50
morphology
pro/eukaryotes
51
phylogeny
classified 3 domains based on different sequences in rRNA genes
prokaryotic cells have 2 domains, bacteria and archea
3rd domain; eukaryotes
52
archea are similar to bacteria;
cell size, gross, structure, cell division, similar to Euks; DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, initiation of protein synthesis
53
bacteria are approx ___ qm
0.1-10
54
plant and animal cells are approx ___ qm
10-100
55
eukaryotic organelles are approx ___ qm
1-10
56
bacteria cell structure
cell wall; external to plasma membrane, composed of peptidoglycan, tough, fibers exoskeleton
structure; lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
genetic material; have at least 1 chromosome, the DNA or genetic information is found floating freely in the cytoplasm of the cell
cell division; binary fusion
cytoskeleton; actin- and tubulin- like proteins
57
eukaryotic cells cell interior
partitioned into organelles bound by membranes
nucleus; DNA replication, transcription
endoplasmic reticulum; site of lipid synthesis (SER) and translation of membrane inserted in secreted proteins (RER)
golgi apparatus; site of proteins medication and sorting
58
ribosomes are assembled in the
nucleus
59
Organization of DNA
chromatic; fibers consisting of a long strand of DNA wrapped around a protein cell
chromosome; one long chromatin fiber
60
central dogma
transcription
translation
61
nuclear pores
opening in nuclear envelope, allows things through or not
allow movement of DNA to mRNA to protein, amino acids direct proteins to nucleus
62
ribosomes are assembled
in nucleus transported through the pores
63
cytosolic proteins
synthesized on free ribosomes in cytosol
64
membrane proteins and secreted proteins
protein synthesis initiates on ribosomes in cytosol
complex moves to rough endoplasmic reticulum
65
endomembrane system
different membranes dividing cell into compartments, either physically linked or exchange materials via vesicles
organelles include; nucleus, endoplasmic regulus (sER and rER), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane
66
newly synthesized polypeptide inserts across ER membrane then
polypeptide is cleaved, often notified and packaged and transported in transport vesicles
transport vesicles bud off ER and transport to golgi apparatus
67
lysosomes are the
membrane vesicle containing digestive enzymes for
recycling (breaking down damaged or ages organelles) and
endoscopes or food vacuoles pinch off from plasma membrane (digestion) and fuse with lysosomes and contents broken down
68
tay Sachs disease
absent enzyme that degrades lipids = gangliosides
toxicity leads to neuronal death
loss of ability to sit or crawl followed by seizures, loss of motor control and death
69
what are vacuoles?
contractile vacuoles?
central vacuole?
larger vesicles
used by certain protists to pump water out of the cells
compartment that takes up most of the volume in plant cells which helps 1) maintain tugor pressure and 2) stores chemicals that may protect plants from herbivores
70
Exocytosis is the process
Exocytosis is the process by which cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior
71
mitochondria
site of cellular respiration (aerobic (O2)) where energy is obtained by breaking down sugars
some of this energy is chemical energy ; ATP
72
double membrane structure;
Outer membrane and inner membrane
made of;
matrix- thick fluid bound by inner membrane
cristae- inholdings of inner membrane
73
what are microfilaments? and its functions?
polymers of actin modified by interactions with proteins
smallest diameter of cytoskeleton elements
function: cytokinesis, cell mobility, endocytosis, exocytosis, and mechanical stability
74
polymers are about __ nm
9-11
75
nuclear lamina
dense layer of lamina and proteins associated with inner layer nuclear envelope
provide structural support and integrity to the nucleus
76
progeria
autosomal dominant disorder resembling early aging
mutations in lumen A gene, weakening nuclear envelope
77
what provides internal structure to cilia and flagella?
microtubules
hollow polymers of tubular with diameter of about 25 nm
form spindle apparatus which separates chromosomes during mitosis
important for intracellular transport: motor proteins move vesicles and organelles along length
78
two types of cilia
motile and nonmotile cilia
79
only plant cells have:
chloroplasts, cell wall, and vacuole
80
secrete extracellular matrix (ECM)
helps cells stick together
81
simplistic; plant cell is composed of:
cell wall (composed of cellulose), plastids (photosynthesis, chloroplasts, and store starch), a large central vacuole (tugor pressure), plasmodesmata (channels between cells)
flagella restricted to gametes
82
chloroplasts
divided into compartments, inner and outer membranes,
stroma; fluid filling interior of chloroplasts, contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
83
thakakoids
network of stacked saws in stroma where light is converted to chemical energy
84
penicillin and ampicillin work by
targeting synthesis of cell wall
85
ciprofloxacin targets
bacterial DNA gyrase
86
staphylococcus aureus
bacteria found in upper respiratory tract and on kin, immune to antibiotics
commensal: obtains nutrients from host without obvious benefit to host
opportunistic pathogen: causing skin infections
87
teixobactin
weakens bacteria cell walls to stun bacteria growth
88
somatic cells
2 sets of 23 chromosomes, divide by mitosis
89
germ cells
divide by meiosis (gametes)
90
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
91
haploid
one set of chromosomes
92
histones are the
core of proteins wrapped in DNA
these are called nucleosomes
93
mitosis
divides nuclear contents and distributes to daughter cells
94
homologous chromosomes
set of maternally and paternally inherited chromosomes
95
centromere
region of structural DNA needed for daughter chromosomes to segregate properly
96
interphase
G1 + S + G2
97
G1 phase
cell receives growth promoting signals and normal function
98
S phase
chromosomes are replicated (s=synthesize)
99
G2 phase
checks for errors in DNA replication and prepares to divide
100
M phase
separates nuclear (mitosis) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis contents)
101
Interphase in animal cells prior to mitosis a cell must
duplicate its chromosomes (s phase)
and duplicate its centrosomes and centrioles (by end of G2)
102
Prophase
beginning of mitosis
centrosomes extend microtubules = mitotic spindle
103
metaphase
sister chromatids have moved to center = metaphase (equatorial) plate
each sister chromatid is attached to microtubules from opposite centrosomes
this is the check point phase
104
anaphase
loss of sister chromatid cohesion
separated sister chromatids = daughter chromosomes
move toward the poles
105
telophase
daughter chromosomes have migrated to poles
mitotic spindle disassembles
nuclear envelope reforms
cytokinesis
106
immortal
cell that continues to proliferate
107
HeLa cells
henrietta lacks 1951, cervical cancer
108
primary tumor
site of origin, cancers are named based off this
109
malignant tumor
potential to invade surrounding tissue
110
matastasis
tumor spread beyond origin
secondary tumors
111
cancer is often fatal because
of mutation to the genes involved in cell cycle check points
112
heat is a type of
kinetic energy due to the motion of atoms and molecules
113
combustion reaction
substance reacts with oxygen to release CO2 and heat
114
enzymes are
biological/ organic catalysts
